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A Systematic Review of Climate Adaptation in Vernacular Housing Using the Paradigm Funnel Method
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Parisa Javid  , Masoumeh Yavari * , Mohammad Javid , Mohammad Najafi |
| , Khatam University , ma.yavari@khatam.ac.ir |
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Abstract: (16 Views) |
Objective: The building sector plays a central role in environmental crises, being responsible for approximately 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 40% of global energy consumption. Vernacular housing is recognized as a valuable model of adaptation to local climate. Despite the exponential growth of research in this field, no comprehensive synthesis of the existing literature has been provided to date. This study aims to systematically review and analyze the status of research on climate adaptation in vernacular housing using the paradigm funnel method.
Method: This research was conducted using a systematic literature review method combined with the paradigm funnel approach. A systematic search was performed in the Scopus database using keywords related to vernacular housing and climate adaptation, covering the period from 2020 to April 2026. After refinement and screening, 45 highly cited articles were selected for final analysis. The articles were classified and analyzed based on the five levels of the paradigm funnel.
Results: The distribution of articles across the five levels of the paradigm funnel is unbalanced. Level 2 (analytical methods) accounts for the largest share with 46.6%. Level 1 (empirical observations) follows with 24.6%, and Level 3 (specific theories) with 13.3%. Levels 4 (fundamental assumptions) and 5 (review) have the smallest shares, with 11.1% and 4.4%, respectively. Geographically, China accounts for 32% of the articles, representing the main hub of research in this field.
Conclusions: The predominance of research at the empirical and analytical levels demonstrates a prevailing tendency among researchers toward these approaches. The limited share of fundamental assumptions and review levels reveals a significant research gap in foundational, epistemological, and systematic review studies. Conducting fundamental research at Levels 4 and 5 of the funnel, developing interdisciplinary studies, and addressing geographical gaps are proposed as the most important future research priorities.
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| Keywords: Vernacular housing, Climate adaptation, Systematic review, Paradigm funnel. |
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
معماری
Received: 2026/04/14 | Accepted: 2026/08/17
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