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Showing 7 results for Disasters
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Volume 28, Issue 128 (11-2009)
Abstract
It had been believed, natural disasters in urban areas have less effects than in rural areas. But, now due to changes of urban structure and its organization, they have became more vulnerable to natural disasters. Because of the increase of urban population, urban sprawl and its physical development on dangerous areas, the stabilities of urban areas have been reduced.
This study focused on Maku in West Azerbaijan province had been natural disasters such as stone fall and flood, because of spatial geographic position, last years. They made its vulnerability from natural hazards. The methodology of study is analytical-description with natural and field approach, using observation and library study methods. According to the finding of the research, in planning for physical development of Maku, has not pay attention to natural hazards.
Furthermore, in planning for sustainable physical development, location of the suitable points to urban development and evaluation of their vulnerability, the survey of natural elements, seat and geographical position of cities, is necessary.
Dr Atoosa Modiri, Alaleh Ashrafi Zanjani,
Volume 33, Issue 145 (6-2014)
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the revitalization of collective memory and its effects on the improvement of the lost place identity resulting from disasters such as war or natural disasters which undermine the common route of structural social evolution of a district unexpectedly.
An identity which is the outcome of internalization of a place identity for a person and its result is emotional attachments between person and his environment. Maurice Halbwachs, the most important theorist of collective memory, by emphasizing on the relationship between groups and places, believes that "when the members of a group stand in a space, group’s specifications are transferred to the space and simultaneously a kind of adaptation with resistant elements is made and a distinctive form is put on the structure of that space". Places incite the memory of those people who are situated in such places with the same histories and simultaneously remind the same past days of those people who are out of the places and want to know something about those places.
Therefore, memory which is location-oriented subject, when its bed formation i.e. its place skeleton is disappeared due to disasters such as earthquake or war or it faces main and important changes as a result of hasty reconstructions, it is distorted and the place characteristic may be lost forever. Therefore, Place memory relates to place and society which meets continuous identity as a result of relationship and interlink with place. An important point about retention of collective memory after natural disasters is that to the contrary of common conditions of revitalization of historical textures, both the place and the majority of society have been disappeared therefore, strategies for dealing with such places should be codified on the basis of careful selection of place identity or society, place and their interlocking relationship. By relying upon the role of place identity in the formation of memories as infrastructure of personal and collective identities in a society and mutual relationship of memories with the degree of emotional attachments of people with environment in these two types: place identity and place attachment, this article proceeds to describe these three strategies: retention and repair, readout and event programming in different shaping aspects of a place such as form, activity and imaginations. This article with review and quality analysis procedure on the basis of experimental strategies explains reasonable approaches in revitalization of collective memories in reconstruction projects after disasters.
Dr Amin Mohammadi Ostadkelayeh, Dr Mohammadamin Khorasani, Eng. Hamideh Pahlavan Zadeh,
Volume 36, Issue 160 (12-2017)
Abstract
Iran is prone to disasters and it ranks as one of the most disaster prone country in the world with floods, drought and earthquakes being the most frequent natural disasters. Rural areas with unconventional structures and structure-weak have high vulnerability to natural disasters. This is necessary for displacement and resettlement for villages against natural disasters such as floods, earth-quakes, landslides. Although exact statistics of vulnerable villages in countries is not provided, we can say with confidence that a considerable percentage of rural areas are at a high risk and should be staggered. Resettlement policy is one of the policies in the planning of rural settlements raised for rural development and provides optimal distribution of services to the villagers. In general, rural resettlement more after natural disasters in rural areas could help to solve the problems of rural people. Resettlement of rural people, although in times of crisis is essential, but must be tailored to local and socio-economic conditions and being implemented in form of projects. The overall objective of the rural resettlement is to pave the way for the establishment of villages located in high-risk zones and villages that for various reasons should be displace in order to improve the livelihoods and well-being of residents in different aspects. Accordingly, it is necessary for resettlement and optimal geographical location of villages to be based on comprehensive methods and in accordance with the environmental characteristics. Weber believes that the most important outcome of resettlement of rural settlements is in economic aspect and displacement causes the country's economic transformation and betterment in the economic situation of residents. Comparing the pattern of limited displacement and displacement combined with the integration of villages in the study area, showed that each of the studied patterns have advantages and disadvantages. Four patterns are, the pattern of continuous development, the pattern of movement and, assembly and integration pattern for the reconstruction of villages damaged or destroyed by natural disasters should be adopted. Heavy rainfalls in August 2005 in the eastern regions of Golestan province, lead to the occurrence of two devastating floods were included in amongst the most devastating floods occurred in the country. In order to prevent a recurrence flood consequences in these regions limited movement of 3 villages and movement accompanied with merge of 11 villages damaged in recent flood of Gorganrood to Faraghi region have been done.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of floods in these villages on livability by considering psychological indices. Livability is an overall concept which is connected with a number of concepts such as sustainability, quality of life, quality of place, and healthy communities. Livability often used to define various aspects of a community and common experiences that shaped it. Livability focuses on the human cognition of space and put them in a specific time and place form. So, Eight realm of employment and, income, housing, public education, participation and social cohesion and continuity, sense of belonging to place, personal and social security, quantity of green spaces, quality of landscape in the study area were selected for the study. In livable villages there is ground for cooperation, participation in decision making and decision taking. Also standard facilities and services has been provided for living in these villages. Livable rural settlements which have decent living conditions could be provided to creating hope and vitality among its residents. Livability patterns vary from one area to another and may be different from one point to another, because now after decades many villages suffer from the risks. The sample of the study are local families residing in villages using Cochran formula sample size was determined by 118 of heads of household. To compare two limited movement and aggregation patterns, the “Independent t test“ was used. Surveys indicate the average situation of livability in most of the parameters studied in both models of displacement and aggregation. In the aggregate pattern, social indices perform better than the pattern of displacement, while the success rate of displacement in the environmental index is better than the aggregate pattern. The results show that in the aggregation pattern, in three dimensions of livability, the highest score is for the social dimension. But the economic dimension and finally environmental dimension have the lowest scores. In Limited movement pattern, among the three dimensions of livability, the highest score is for the environmental dimension. But after the environmental, is the social aspect following by the economic aspect is at the end. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between the patterns of resettlement. Regardless of the choice of a model for resettlement, attention to environmental conditions at the new location to get working and living conditions of people in a residence habitable have utmost importance and planners should to provide a good quality of living in the settlement of the new settlement with any pattern of resettlement.
Sima Soleimanzade, Alireza Fallahi ,
Volume 37, Issue 161 (6-2018)
Abstract
Disasters are different in terms of type, time and scope but they often create similar problems which indicates the importance of their scientific analysis and documentation for informing future reconstruction planning. One of the weaknesses of disaster studies in Iran is a lack of documentation of past reconstruction experiences. Many of these reconstruction projects are still alive, developed by their residents throughout several decades. However relevant documentation describing the processes of reconstruction and factors affecting the durability of their outcomes have rarely done, reviewed and criticized.
The city of Lar in Fars province was devastated by an earthquake in 1339. The rescue and rehabilitation phases terminated within fifteen days. This phased followed by a reconstruction program, which involved the relocation of the city to a safer area. Now after passing more than five decades this city consists of two active areas: the new town - relocated city - and the old town.
This article firstly seeks to document and analyze the Lar reconstruction after more than five decades; secondly, tries to provide unique features of this process and reasons for the durability of the outcome; and ultimately, tries to offer the lessons of this reconstruction to inform future plans.
In order to achieve these goals, we conducted document review and fieldwork. Firstly, we analyzed existing documents, such as reports related to the earthquake and descriptions of the reconstruction processes in related books, national archives papers; reviewed newspapers published for a period of three years from the time of the accident until the end of reconstruction; conducted in-depth interviews with those involved in the reconstruction and the survivors who were present at the time of the earthquake; and documented the reconstruction process. Secondly, we evaluated this reconstruction based on sustainable reconstruction measures, defined through a review of literature and reconstruction experiences in Iran and the world. Finally, lessons learnt from this reconstruction were extracted.
The findings of this study show that in this reconstruction, from the beginning the relocated city was planned to include residential areas, infrastructure, facilities and public buildings, and the budget for this relocation plan was allocated from the beginning. Following the city's geological studies, a safe place away from the faults was selected for the construction and earthquake-proof structures were used in building houses and public buildings of the city. Authorities began the reconstruction of the city with commitment and hard work. A commission composed of local dignitaries and clergymen oversaw all aspects of the reconstruction process, such as budgeting. Challenges that the program faced, including land ownership claims and religious issues were settled locally in the shortest time possible, avoiding interruption in the process. Facilitating commuting between the old and new city led to the economic rehabilitation of this market town and reinforced the sense of belonging of the people to the new city. The built houses were allocated to people for free or were sold to them. A committee of local dignitaries and reconstruction authorities decided about the allocation of houses by investigating the social and economical situations of residents.
Fatemeh Rahimbakhsh, Farah Habib, Seyed Amirhossein Garakani,
Volume 37, Issue 161 (6-2018)
Abstract
Iran has experienced numerous disasters, such as earthquakes, floods and landslides, due to its geographical. Risk reduction interventions in rural settlements has always been considered for avoiding such losses. Sometimes authorities and officials integrate measures such as relocating hazard–prone villages into post-disaster reconstruction efforts in order to decrease future disaster-related losses. The design of new villages and the resettlement of the villagers, without identifying and considering those components that can affect the quality of the settlement and the needs and satisfaction of villagers, can cause a loss of the sense of belonging and identity, dispersion of tribes, destruction of the village physical integrity, and disruption of social and economic networks. In some cases it resulted in inhabitants abandoning the new built units and their migration to cities and or other villages. Interventions in rural settlements in the form of developmental plans often have a pure focus on the built environment. Grid layouts along with houses built by new and modern materials and ignoring the local knowledge of villagers, have presented an unfamiliar environment for villages. The shape and built environment patterns of rural settlements in each region follow certain rules, shaped by environmental, social, economic, cultural and political factors.
This study aims to explain the impact of landscape, as a component of rural settlements, in reconstruction of rural settlements. We test a hypothesis which examines the relationship between the landscape component in the reconstruction and villagers’ satisfaction of the new village. The present study is descriptive, analytical and uses a survey method for gathering data. For the survey, 135 samples were selected through using the simple random sampling method. In this study, issues of belonging to the old village, ignoring the climatic considerations in design, the undesirable quality of new village’s sight and landscape, the condition of roads and subdivision of parcels, as well as the condition of neighborhoods in the design of the new village have been investigated as reasons for rejecting the design of the new settlement by villagers. In the case of Nayband village, we examined three aspects of the environmental, social and semantic physical landscape as forming layers of rural landscape. The results of this study indicate that the inclusion of the landscape component in improving the spatial quality of the new rural settlements is influential and considering this component is directly related to the reception of the new settlement by villagers. From the villagers' point of view, the sense of belonging to the old village, ignoring the climatic considerations and the undesirable quality of the sight and landscape in the new settlement, have been mentioned as the most important reasons for their rejection of the newly built settlement.
Saeedeh Asadi, Ali Sharghi, Bahram Saleh Sedghpoor, Zoheir Mottaki,
Volume 41, Issue 177 (3-2022)
Abstract
The 2003 Bam earthquake is one of the most destructive ones in Iran in recent decades, with extensive damage, destruction and long-term consequences. During and after an earthquake, communities experience emotional reactions and cognitive biases that arise from trauma, traumatic experiences, and traumatic losses. Housing reconstruction has powerful potential to heal traumatic consequences in the rehabilitation phase to return communities to normal life in the long run. However, due to the lack of knowledge about trauma in Iran, the dialectic of housing reconstruction and long-term rehabilitation and healing of communities has many unknown aspects. Using the Q method and the Delphi technique, the study tries to extract the factors affecting psychological rehabilitation and healing of the traumatic consequences of the earthquake in reviewing the housing reconstruction of Bam. The research design was defined in 5 stages. In defining a consensus, the items in the Q series were created by reviewing the literature and analyzing the content of 10 in-depth interviews with leading experts in the field. Using the theoretical sampling method and then snowball in the Delphi rounds, the group of research participants consisted of 23 officials and researchers in the field of housing reconstruction in Bam and socio-psychological rehabilitation of its community. Based on the findings of factor Q analysis, 6 factors in the reconstruction process and the reconstructed houses in Bam, i.e., reassure housing immunity, adaptability/ flexibility, belonging, self-efficacy belief, solastalgia, and empowerment policies and programs, and related indicators have 62.6% potential for positive or aggravating effects of earthquake traumatic consequences and rehabilitation of survivors.
Alireza Bandarabad,
Volume 43, Issue 188 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Anticipating the needs after disasters is a wise and prudent thing, and studying and predicting places for temporary dwelling after disasters, including earthquakes in metropolises like Tehran, is the main subject of this research. In a metropolis, each area may have different characteristics and different choices for locating post-disaster temporary dwelling. In this article, with an overview of the criteria for locating temporary dwelling after the earthquake, as well as the background of research in this area about locating in smaller cities or other areas of Tehran metropolis, firstly, theoretical and theoretical criteria for locating temporary dwelling are macro-analyzed. And then these criteria have been specifically evaluated and measured in the 10th district of Tehran. The purpose of this research is to analyze the criteria for choosing suitable places for locating temporary dwelling after the probable earthquake in metropolitan cities.
Method: This research was done with a mixed method (a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods) and sampling was done with analogical and inductive methods. The method of qualitative content analysis of texts, coding (texts and reports and in-depth interviews with scientific experts and technical agents as well as managers of specialized departments), comparative comparison of criteria with case studies has resulted in obtaining the primary criteria. After the analysis of the criteria, on the other hand, for the feasibility and final location in the district 10 of Tehran, in addition to the hierarchical process method, it was used for the final location.
Results: A number of thirty places inside the region and three places outside the region were introduced, measured and introduced in order of priority. The examination of findings led to the announcement of results. Based on that, it is suggested that some scientific policies in the specialized field of location for post-disaster temporary dwelling be reviewed and structural changes.
Conclusions: The results of this research show that we will not necessarily be able to find a location for temporary dwelling in all areas of a metropolis because the conditions, facilities and characteristics of each area are different from another area in a metropolis. One of the important results of this research is that due to the nature of urban development and the formation structure of Tehran, many areas of this city - including district 10 - do not have the necessary capacity to locate a temporary dwelling after the earthquake in the area. Therefore, in the final part of the research, proposed changes in the areas of policymaking and urban planning have been presented.
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