@article{ author = {Zohari, Sara and Azemati, Saee}, title = {Effect of Dry Wall Coating on Energy Consumption in Buildings Humid and Temperate Climate}, abstract ={Nowadays, ignoring the climatic features of the region and imitating other parts of the country, the choice of form and interviewing besides transforming the faces of buildings and towns and avoiding the indigenous identity of the area has made residents comfortable. The use of cement blocks and the application of roofs by metal sheets and the application of waterproofing and metal sheets in the face as well as the rust caused by the tilting of the urban landscape. Building walls, as the boundary between indoors and outdoors, play an important role in providing thermal comfort to the building. Thermal properties of the walls of buildings have a fundamental role in determining their thermal behavior. Therefore, the selection of suitable wall components is important in the creation of energy-efficient buildings, which consume less energy to provide comfort in closed spaces. It is clear that this building design approach plays a major role in creating a more sustainable artificial environment with minimal negative environmental impacts. The impact of the western body type on the energy loss from the wall has not been investigated so far. Therefore, comparing the existing solutions and choosing the optimal solution from the perspective of thermal wall performance seems necessary. In this section, the solutions used in existing buildings are reviewed in two sections, native and new, and then the impact of each of these methods on the energy consumption of the building is compared and compared. To be. Comparison of solutions is done in two parts: villa and apartment. This study investigates new and traditional solutions for western wall protection in temperate and humid climate of Iran to achieve the optimal solution in terms of thermal performance. Accordingly, after analyzing the library and documents, content analysis methods of index components were obtained in Guilan. Then, an open-ended interview was conducted with 8 architectural experts and an open and axial coding context theory was developed to produce the research tool (questionnaire). The results of the questionnaire were analyzed to obtain index priorities in architecture by AHP method and it was found that the component of "extension to the porch and canopies" with weight 0.176752 had the most impact on the tilting strategy.  In order to investigate the effect of rain cover protection on the energy consumption of buildings, a residential building is simulated in three modes including tin coating, increased slope and awning, and the installation of photovoltaic cells on the roof and the results are compared and analyzed. Simulation results show that using tin coating for western wall increases the heating and cooling load and increase the building's total load by 2.9%. Increasing slope of roof increases the amount of energy consumption by 0.24%, reduces the cooling load by 4.3% and reduces the total building load by 0.56%. Adding photovoltaic cells reduces energy consumption by 0.7%.                  }, Keywords = {Western Wall coating, Rain protection, Vernacular solutions, Energy consumption, Temperate and humid climate.}, volume = {38}, Number = {168}, pages = {3-18}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.168.3}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1925-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1925-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Natanj, Mohammadreza and Zatakram, Vahi}, title = {An Approach to the Conservation of Cultural Landscape in Historical Village of Davan}, abstract ={  4 The historical fabric of Davan village is located near the city of Kazeroon, with physical features such as steppe gardening system, Stone architecture, with the ancient Sassanid period and ecological characteristics, beside with intangible values such as customs and particular dialects of the local people, that the result of the intelligent interaction of human with nature and this is an example of the concept of cultural landscape. Examining of the term cultural landscape that includes all the features of tangible and intangible heritage and, environmental and cultural diversity, in the village of Davan can be very much considered and lead to the registration of this village in the list of cultural landscapes of the country. In fact, since the rural and local communities have more living traditions and specific lifestyles based on a deeply effective culture than human-nature interactions, the issue of preserving intangible heritage and its unity with tangible and physical aspects becomes more important. Although the village of Davan is still in good condition and the steppe gardening system are part of the livelihoods of the villagers, but damages such as drought and changes in livelihood patterns have led to over-migration of rural residents in past years and leave the ageing population in the village. The aforementioned damages and ongoing migration threaten the coherence of the tangible and intangible heritage and the concept of cultural landscape in this village. In this case, given the damages that exist in this village and threaten to register it as a cultural landscape, interventions to eliminate the damage and improve the quality of the village in the form of conservation and management plan require that this is considered as the main objective of the research. Therefore, in order to achieve its goal, the research has attempted to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics and values of the cultural landscape of Davan? What are the challenges and threats to the cultural landscape of Davan? And how can the cultural landscape be maintained and revitalized by presenting a proper management plan? In this regard, the "analytical study and recording of information", "valuation" and, finally, the "presentation of the conservation and management plan" form the various stages of research.The research method was descriptive-analytic and information gathering method was based on library and field studies. Research achievements show that through the conservation and promotion of native architecture patterns, strengthening the level of tourism, attracting popular participation and creating job opportunities, with an emphasis on historical, natural and cultural capabilities of Davan It can improve the physical and social prosperity and, ultimately, take key steps in the effective conservation of this valuable heritage.registering this area into the country's cultural heritage list makes it possible to support and strive to preserve its values. The establishment of rules and regulations relating to various activities in the context of the aforementioned cultural landscape through the establishment of a Local Council for Conservation and Revitalization and cooperation with regional managers in this regard, can be crucial. Use of agricultural and horticultural capacities and revitalization of horticultural products such as grape juice, raisins and etc. Applying the potential of beekeeping and honey production as well as packaging and supply of medicinal plants provides, employment opportunities in this area. Supporting the establishment of modified livestock and poultry knowledge- based centers is another solution for the business in this village. Alongside, due to the different heritage values ​​in this area, it is possible to launch tourism activities, especially in relation to eco-tourism, which will also help to promote the dynamism and vitality of the rural fabric. By creating employment and improving the environmental and physical condition of this area, sense of place in Davan will increase, and that will stop the phenomenon of migration and even reverse migration. In this way over time, the Devan will have a dynamic cycle of conservation and development. }, Keywords = {Conservation, Cultural Landscape, Rural Heritage, Davan Village, Stone Architecture.}, volume = {38}, Number = {168}, pages = {19-34}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.168.19}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1826-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1826-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Jalali, Tara and Fallahi, Alireza and Islami, Seyyed Gholamreza and Sabernejad, Zhaleh}, title = {The Evidence Based Participatory Design Process Framework, in Post- Earthquake Permanent Housing Reconstruction Gillan-Zanjan (1990), Varzaghan (2012) and Kermanshah (2017) Earthquakes}, abstract ={Earthquakes have always been known as the most devastating phenomena, affecting human life and properties all around the world. Furthermore, their frequency, severity and catastrophic impacts have increased in recent decades. Likewise, Iran is not an exception due to its seismic location. The huge casualties and losses following shocking quakes that have happened in this part of the world. Post disaster reconstruction and planning is considered as the most important processin responding to disaster and consequent damages requires authorities, planners and reconstruction policymakers to provide adequate knowledge about the damaged contextIt has been well approved that corresponding the problems of reconstruction with effective survivors’ participation, leads the whole process to success. It should be noted that, time as a key component in all reconstruction phases, plays a vital role. Often in the process, speeding up the physical reconstruction and the number of permanent houses being ebuiltpave a way forthe acceptance of a more linear - thinking instead of cyclic - thinking and spiral approaches in reconstruction planning and its design process methods. These approaches lead to choosing irrational solutions for the settlement’s reconstruction design problem in long - term and changing the disaster to complicated and multi - component crisis in damaged community life.The main issue that is discussed in this paper is the growing gap between users, designers and paying clients in reconstruction phases. This inconsistency and gap together with the lack of proper construction supervision could result in increasing physical vulnerability while blocking the way toward build back better’ goals in the affected areas and communities. The methodology is based on a qualitative approach including content analysis of field surveys and observations,In - depth interviews with survivors and authorities for every case study. The evidence were selected from post - earthquake reconstructed villages in three disaster milestones in Islamic Republic of Iran. First, the village called Gufel in north of Iran, in the category long-term results of reconstruction, after 1990 Gilan - Zanjan earthquake. Second, Baj –a-Baj substantially damaged after 2012 East Azerbaijan earthquake, as a medium-term process; and finally, Ghouchi - Bashchi  village that located in west of Iran reconstructed recently after 2017 Sar Pol –e- Zahab earthquake. The findings show that, in order to achieve an acceptable and successful reconstruction that satisfies survivors, participation of the affected community from planning to implementation and post occupancy period is proven to have a vital role. Nonetheless should be taken into accountthat eradicating the gap between users and designers in reconstruction policies in all phases is possible by promoting process - oriented approaches rather than product - oriented approaches in the design process of settlements, from emergency shelters to permanent housing. There is a triple level framework suggested for the participatory design process in post - earthquake permanent housing reconstruction. This framework consists of a design circle with the increased vulnerability, at the first level prior to the earthquake impact on the communities. The linear approach at the second level which seeks product is what is known as the official period of reconstruction with the presence of authorities; and finally, the spiral helix of design process after the end of official reconstruction procedure.  }, Keywords = {Housing reconstruction, Design process, Participatory design, Settlement reconstruction, Earthquake.}, volume = {38}, Number = {168}, pages = {35-50}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.168.35}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1874-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1874-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {namvar, shayesteh and Zeini, Masou}, title = {The Effect of Sodium Silicate and Acrylic on Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Thatch Mortar}, abstract ={In the past the earthen materials were accounted as the most widely used materials both structurally as well as finishing of traditional and historical buildings in urban and rural areas across the country. However, due to the wear and tear and lack of resistance to humidity and subjected loads, the roof and the walls covered with thatch mortars need to be annually reconstructed and repaired, which today is a serious maintained predicament. Low resistance against the lateral loads and cracking in walls, rapid erosion due to humidity, low-resistance against decay and impacts are major disadvantages of such mortars. Thus, durability of thatch as one of the stable and eco-friendly materials is very important.   6 The present research aims to find the optimal mix design of thatch mortar based on the examining some of the physical and mechanical parameters of thatch mortar built with various additives. The present study at the beginning investigates the optimal percentages of water-soil ratio. In this regard, samples of different combinations of thatch with water at ratios of 10 to 45 percent weight of the soil are prepared and their surface features including colors and cracking of the mixture are assessed. The second phase is to provide the appropriate percent of straw and soil relative to each other that are formulated after interviews with traditional craftsmen, and literature review. To find the appropriate mix percentage of straw and soil (calculation criteria: crack length), several mixtures of thatch are built and eventually the most optimum mix design of normal thatch is chosen to investigate the role of stabilizing additives. The compressive strength tests are conducted based on ASTM C109 standard for each mix design in the laboratory and flexural strength tests are conducted based on the ASTM C78 for each mix design. To investigate the resistance to humidity (weathering resistance), the water spray test is also conducted for samples of 1*10*10 dimensions based on Craterre institute in France standards and then subjected to the centralized pressure of 100 ml water. The time at which a complete cavity is created in the specimen and the water can flow through the pit, is considered as completion time of the experiment. All phases including preparation, construction and testing are conducted based on standards in the soil mechanic laboratory at University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran. The results show that the composition of two acrylic and sodium silicate additives in thatch mortar during the drying period will further reduce the contraction and cracking rather than the thatch separate composition. Also, the composition of sodium silicate additive in normal thatch results in an increase in mortar density to 2.03 g/cm3. Investigation of thatch resistance to the compression and bending as well as various humidity-induced erosive behaviors suggested that the optimum composition of thatch mortar is obtained using sodium silicate additive that is resistant to various loadings and humidity. It has constituent elements of soil, water, and sodium silicate. The most resistant composition for thatch mortar construction includes the following mix percentages: Soil, straw (80 % straw by volume of soil) + Water (42 % water by volume of soil) + sodium silicate (100 % sodium silicate by volume of water). The results indicate that the thatch ratios of the soil, 80 % straw, 42 % Water and 100 % sodium silicate by volume of water, considerably increase mortar structural as well as humidity resistance . Similarly,  the durability of thatch additive effect, consist of 100 % sodium silicate, against the water pressure was measured considerably above previous samples. Thatch implementation as a covering and finishing material in facades is currently very prevalent. However, if it is considered as a structural or finishing construction mortar it seriously requires water proofing and strengthening, proper solutions should be provided for this kind of covering. with increasing acrylic content, more surface adhesion is created between grains.  }, Keywords = {Thatch, sodium silicate, acrylic, physical and mechanical parameters.}, volume = {38}, Number = {168}, pages = {51-60}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.168.51}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1453-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1453-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Dormohamadi, Mansoure and Rahimnia, Reza and FotuhiArdakani, Mohse}, title = {Experimental Study of Mechanical Stabilization impact on Improving Compressive, Tensile and Flexural Strength of Adobe}, abstract ={Iran is one of the oldest countries in the world benefiting from adobe-based architecture; a method which has long been forgotten in the contemporary architecture of country. Considering the important role of Earth Blocks such as adobe in the world’s contemporary architecture and the wealth of Iranian adobe-based monuments, it is necessary to continue contemplating on ways to optimize adobe to be used in the contemporary architecture as well as in the conservation of historical buildings. In the recent years, various techniques have been proposed for higher degrees of soil stabilization and adobe to strengthen the adobe structures. Mechanical stabilization as one of these techniques has been carried out to improve the quality of materials and subsequently increasing the durability of buildings. Compaction of earthen materials increases soil density and therefore improves earthen block behavior against damaging factors such as moisture and erosion. The present study is a quantitative research based on experimental observations and analysis. The method consists of field studies and empirical-laboratory methods. This study attempts to find out potential relationships between mechanical stabilization and mechanical and structural behavior of the adobe. In this respect the effect of soil density on compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of the adobe is studies. Thus, adobe samples as control and experimental (compacted) groups were made from six soil types of six mines in a desert region of Iran, Ardakan city, Yazd province and their corresponding physical properties were measured. The construction method of all samples was alike except for the fact that experimental samples have undergone mechanical stabilization. The two groups were then examined and compared for compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests and final results were studied and analyzed. The laboratory studies confirmed the positive relationship between dynamic compaction and mechanical strength. The results also showed that soil compaction in the experimental adobe results in an increase of Compressive strength by %79.43, Tensile strength by %42.42, and flexural strength by %75.00 compared to the control traditional adobe which lacks such compaction. Furthermore, by analyzing the results of grading of soil types and the percentage of clay in soils, it could be concluded that there is a meaningful relationship between the high percentage of clay in soils and mechanical behavior of the adobe bricks. Also, the study proved that the presented construction method in this study, i.e. integrating traditional adobe construction technique with mechanical stabilization, leads to better mechanical behavior of traditional adobe bricks. Hence, it could be stated that not only physical and chemical properties of soil but also construction method, has an integral role in improving mechanical properties of the adobe brick. Hence, it could be stated that not only physical and chemical properties of soil but also construction method, plays an important role in improving mechanical properties of the adobe brick.}, Keywords = {Keywords: adobe, mechanical stabilization, mechanical behavior of adobe, Ardakan, Yaz}, volume = {38}, Number = {168}, pages = {61-76}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.168.61}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1781-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1781-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Feridonzadeh, Hass}, title = {Explain of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) at Norms of Rural Housing Establishment}, abstract ={The purpose of this study is to explain the theoretical model of the norms of rural housing formation in cold and mountainous climatic area of Ardabil province. The housing issue is one of the most important issues that human beings have always had to deal with and have long been trying to address and find a decent answer. The study of the renovation and improvement of rural housing in Iran shows that Iran has 5,172,000 rural housing units that require about 63 percent of the rural housing, 3 million and 295,000 units, to be urgently rebuilt. About two percent of them, equivalent to 81,000 units, were rebuilt between 1997 and 2005. Since 2013, the number of rural housing reconstruction has fallen sharply to 200,000 units per year that covers only four percent of all rural housing. Recognizing that new rural buildings and structures are generally supported by government agencies and at the head of the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution or, as practiced by the inhabitants, it has the form and form of urban housing that runs without regard to native architectural values; Values that have become over time and overwhelming test-errors to unwritten rules of construction in the village. Therefore, the strengths of the present study are the consideration of the values governing indigenous housing formed in the context of rural areas that have been discovered and applied by residents for many years. Values that the author call norm. In the present study was used the correlation method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on field studies and exploratory survey research. After explaining the cold and mountainous area of Ardabil province, the settlements of this area with altitude of 1500 to 2150 meters above sea level were identified from 176 villages, 85 villages with a population of more than 200 were randomly selected based on the statistics of the year 1395 at Statistical Center of Iran. Sample size According to Based on Klein's theory, a sample of 250 residents of the above-mentioned villages was selected by purposeful sampling to answer 50 questionnaire questions related to residents' views on housing development. (So, every village is a cluster and the inhabitants are members of those clusters). The reliability of the tool (questionnaire) using Cronbach's alpha was α = 0.905. After analyzing the path and regression, the direct and indirect effects of the variables on the norms of rural housing formation were investigated. The findings showed that the sum of regression coefficients was explained as 0.412 and the components such as: Similarity/Homogeneity in housing setting, Geographical/Climatic, Economic/Livelihood, Scale and Cultural/Traditional are factors that affecting the formation of rural housing in cold and mountainous climates of Ardabil province. Therefore, it can be concluded that the model predictive variables predicted 41% of the criterion changes and 59% were affected by the external variables. The results of this study illustrate three general principles. First, the scale/proportion component has a more important role in shaping rural housing than all components. Secondly, rural housing shaping is a cultural phenomenon. And thirdly, the form of rural housing is a function of the altitude of the high seas.  }, Keywords = {Rural Housing Establishment, Cold and Mountainous Climate, Ardabil Province, Structural Equation Modeling}, volume = {38}, Number = {168}, pages = {77-92}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.168.77}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1956-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1956-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2020} }