@article{ author = {Sartipipour, Mohsen and Sartipipour, Amirrez}, title = {Spatial Quality in the Design of Small Habitat Texture: Rural Texture}, abstract ={Physical exhaustion, necessity of conservation and conservation of life, especially in countries with historical backgrounds, is an issue that has always been considered. Iran’s enjoyment of ancient civilizations and history has made one of the most important goals of comprehensive and guiding plans to improve their tissues. According to the large number of geographical distribution of small settlements in the country, attention to how to design and develop them has always been subject to planners and trustees. Most of the small settlements of our country are rural, and now that it is about four decades from the experience of design and improvement of their environment, pause in content and review what is produced can help improve the content and implement them. In the last few years, the assessment and implementation of the guided designs have been studied, but none of these studies has been done in terms of the role of space and space quality. We believe that in the face of clarifying the role and importance of space quality in the villages and considering it in the design and implementation of projects, the quality of living environment in small settlements can be improved substantially. Abstract the previous discussion tries to explain by reviewing the theoretical discussions and what has been done in the practice of the appropriate approach to designers, trustees and administrators. This paper based on experiences, and review of documents and theoretical discussions of urban design and architecture tries to show the role in this process, "space" and "quality" in shaping the texture in the design and implementation. Reviewing the experiences carried out, the theoretical discussions and attention to the needs of these findings indicated that the emphasis of these plans should be based on the creation of spatial quality within the context. Human life has been stained with presence in space since its inception, and space has never been absent in human life for a moment. In addition to responding to functional needs, design in the context should protect people from environmental influences and provide the opportunity to do everyday tasks for her, but to enjoy presence in it. The most important characteristic of the physical space which distinguishes it from other areas of art, whether space is at a settlement scale or individual buildings, is to accommodate the human being in it. The fabric and architecture is where life flows and the context of everyday life is human, and the relationship of human with it is continuous and it is essential for people living in it. So space and its quality are the essence of architecture. According to the importance of the context of the space, design is an organization of space, and it must be  creatively organized by observing the scale and proportions, how people perceive and use different materials and methods. The paper aims to propose an approach to improve the quality of settlement and life in the process, creating fresh living space, by considering its promotion in the design and implementation process, and tailored to the features that exist in this context.  }, Keywords = {space, anatomy, spatial quality, habitation texture, physical environment design, human scale.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {3-16}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {کیفیت فضایی در طراحی بافت سکونتگاه‌های کوچک: بافت‌های روستایی}, abstract_fa ={فرسودگی کالبدی سکونتگاه‌ها و ضرورت حفاظت و احیای محیط زندگی خصوصاً در کشور‌های با پیشینه تاریخی مسئله‌ای است که همواره مورد توجه مسئولان امر بوده است. برخورداری ایران از تمدن و تاریخ کهن باعث شده تا یکی از اهداف مهم طرح‌های جامع و هادی سکونتگاه‌ها، بهسازی بافت آن‌ها باشد. با توجه به تعداد زیاد و توزیع فضایی و جغرافیایی سکونتگاه‌های کوچک در کشور توجه به نحوه طراحی و توسعه آن‌ها همواره از اهداف برنامه‌ریزان، طراحان و متولیان موضوع بوده است. تقریباً اکثر سکونتگاه‌های کوچک کشور ما روستایی هستند و اکنون که حدود ۴ دهه از تجربه طراحی و بهسازی محیط آن‌ها می‌گذرد‌، تأملی در محتوا و بررسی آنچه تهیه و اجرا شده می‌تواند به بهبود محتوا و اجرای آن‌ها کمک نماید‌. این مقاله با تکیه بر تجارب انجام شده و مرور اسناد و مباحث نظری طراحی شهری و معماری سعی در نشان دادن نقش مغفول مانده در این فرایند یعنی "فضا" و"کیفیت" آن در شکل دادن به بافت در طراحی و اجرا دارد. مقاله پیش روی راه حل بهبود سکونت و زندگی در این سکونتگاه‌ها و ایجاد شادابی و سر زندگی در آن‌ها را، فضا و توجه به ارتقای آن در روند طراحی و اجرا تبیین می‌نماید‌ و متناسب با ویژگی‌هایی که در این بافت وجود دارد راه حل‌هایی ‌پیشنهاد می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {فضا, کالبد‌, کیفیت فضایی‌, بافت سکونتگاه‌, طراحی محیط کالبدی, مقیاس انسانی.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.3}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1785-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1785-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Zomorodian, Zahra S and Tahsildoost, Mohamm}, title = {Capacities, Barriers and Incentives for Developent of Renewable Energies in Iran’s Rural Areas}, abstract ={Renewable energy systems (RES) have a vital role in a country’s rural and comprehensive development programs. Renewable resources for the generation of electricity (e.g., wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) are typically most abundant and practical resources for development in rural areas. Such green development plans create an opportunity for rural electric utilities that are at a geographical advantage for investment in these projects. Renewable energy systems represent the most environment friendly and cost-effective means of providing electricity to those living in rural communities or regions in developing countries. However, providing energy for rural areas considering the geographical desperation, various different climate conditions, demographic variation, economic crises, etc. requires substantial time and facilities.  Governmental energy supply strategies and dependency on fossil fuels has slowed the process of renewable energy system developments. However, environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels,electricity production and the high associated maintenance costs of the distribution grid has always been problematic in rural areas. These issues have led countries to shift toward clean energy strategies. However, this has been relatively slow and in many countries the proportion of the rural population supplied with electricity remains low and the proportion supplied with electricity from renewable energy systems is even lower. There are technical, social, cultural, institutional, geographical and economic barriers to the deployment of renewable energy systems and, thus, to their ability to contribute to the long term development of rural clean energy. This paper aims to analyze barriers and suggests promising approaches for overcoming them toward a sustainable development in Iran. To understand the causes of this barriers, first a literatures review on rural renewable energy development programs in developing countries is under taken. Second, findings from a survey on the expertise’s knowledge state of renewable energy development in rural areas of Iran have been used to define optimal development solutions and comments to overcome technical, economic, social and political barriers.  A questionnaire was sent to one hundred and ten experts. Which thirty-eight of them responded, including 17 experts in the field of energy and 14 experts from the field of urban planning and development, and Seven experts from responsible agencies. Eighteen of the above-mentioned were university faculties and twenty-three of them had a Ph.D. It should be noted that the number of distributed questionnaires was based on the ratio of the number of questions to each subject field.  Results show that in Iran, about two third of barriers are related to economical (37%) and political (29%) issues. These results are in line with developing countries such as Pakistan. However, in developed countries such as Austria despite the supportive policies, policy issues are still counted as main renewable energy development barriers.  The present study has tried to examine the renewable energy development strategies by assessing the barriers to clean energy in rural areas and recognizing development capacities in the country, which could lead to priorities such as the allocation of clean energy subsidies, long-term and short-term loans, educational and cultural development in this field and engaging relevant organizations such as, policy makers, consumers, NGOs and media. Certainly, rural environments in terms of energy demand and consumption intensity, geographical dispersion and different economic conditions are different than urban environments. For this reason, policies, programs and public mechanisms should be based on statistical knowledge and understanding the capacities. Also, due to the importance of energy economy, on a larger scale, the level of access to energy and its relationship with the income level of individuals, should also be studied in comparison to urban conditions and rural areas of other countries.   }, Keywords = {renewable energy, rural sustainable development, development barriers, policies, sustainability.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {17-32}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {ظرفیت‌ها، موانع و مشوق‌های توسعه انرژی‌های پاک در روستاهای ایران}, abstract_fa ={توسعه روستایی و بهره‌گیری از انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر در آن، با توجه به پراکندگی جغرافیایی، تنوع اقلیمی، تنوع بافت جمعیتی و آسیب پذیری اقتصادی آن‌ها امری پیچیده، هزینه‌بر و نیازمند زمان و امکانات فراوان است. مشکلات ناشی از آلایندگی سوخت‌های فسیلی، اتلاف انرژی، هزینه‌های تعمیر و نگهداری خطوط و شبکه انتقال و نظایر آن موجب جایگزینی انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر به‌عنوان راهکار اصلی در دیگر کشورها شده است اما این نوع انرژی نیز همواره با موانعی چون مشکلات سیاستگذاری، اجتماعی، فنی، اقتصادی و ... مواجه بوده که استفاده از ظرفیت‌های کشور را محدود ساخته است. از این رو این مقاله می‌کوشد با تبیین موانع توسعه انرژی‌های پاک در مناطق روستایی و شناخت ظرفیت‌های آن در کشور، با نگاهی واقع گرایانه راهکارهای مجرب این توسعه را بررسی کند. به این ترتیب با استفاده از پرسشنامه نظرات 38 نفر از متخصصین و مسئولان حوزه‌های انرژی، برنامه‌ریزی و توسعه شهری و روستایی و سازمان‌های مرتبط، در رابطه با موانع و ظرفیت‌های توسعه انرژی‌های پاک در روستاها جمع‌آوری شده و با استفاده از تحلیل‌های آماری و با بررسی ادبیات موضوع و تجربیات دیگر کشورها در زمینه تشخیص موانع و چالش‌ها، تعیین ظرفیت‌ها و تطبیق محتوایی این موارد بررسی و جمع‌بندی شده است. این راهکارها در حوزه‌های فناوری، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاست‌گذاری ارائه شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد اولاً آبگرم و پانل‌های خورشیدی مناسب‌ترین فناوری‌های تجدیدپذیر در مناطق روستایی کشور  براساس مطالعات ظرفیت‌سنجی و آرا خبرگان است. به‌علاوه زمین گرمایی در این فهرست در آخرین رتبه قرار دارد. همچنین مشکلات اقتصادی و ضعف در سیاستگذاری اصلی‌ترین موانع این توسعه شناخته شد. راهکارهای اصلی پیشنهادی برای این موارد به ترتیب اعطای وام‌های کم بهره طولانی مدت و نیز تهیه برنامه جامع حمایتی و سیاست‌های تشویقی و اعطای یارانه و مخاطب اصلی این موارد نیز صندوق‌های سرمایه‌گذاری خصوصی و دولتی، سیستم‌های مشارکت مردمی و ارگان‌های سیاستگذار است. بدیهی است که فرهنگ سازی پیش نیاز چنین رخدادی در جوامع روستایی خواهد بود. به این جهت نقش رسانه‌ها و سازمان‌های مردم نهاد در این مهم مورد تأکید جامعه خبرگان قرار گرفت.  }, keywords_fa = {انرژی‌های تجدید‌پذیر, توسعه پایدار روستایی, موانع توسعه, سیاستگذاری, پایداری.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.17}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1709-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1709-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Salem, Mohammad Dana and Hassanpour, Faramarz and Dezhdar, Omi}, title = {Physical-Subjective Typology of Vernacular Housing in Western Kurdistan Based on the Procedural Typological Framework (the Muratorian School)}, abstract ={Given the ancient history of the Kurdish region in western Iran, its seemingly simple architecture has not been thoroughly investigated.  This research is an attempt to identify and characterize vernacular housing in western Kurdistan. The main aim of the research is to recognize the elements and concepts of these typologies, as well as the application of these concepts, and to inspire contemporary architects and designers. In the contemporary architectural discourse, various approaches seek to sustain architecture traditions, including procedural typological approach with its principles for understanding the physical and subjective factors in architecture. The application of this approach provides a good basis for describing how the cultural, social and climatic characteristics in the region could survive.  In the literature, Kurdistan province has been named Madad, Jabal, Mountain, Cisar and Ardalan. The mountains of the Kurdistan region in western Iran from about 10,000 years ago were sheltered by people whose works’ traces were found on the Sarab and Asiab hill near Bisotun, the Ganj - Dareh in Harsin (Kermanshah) and Sialk Kashan. Habitats that until the contemporary era, due to their formation based on cultural, climatic and social characteristics and coexistence with the nature are architecturally important and valuable. Most of the previous studies have been conducted in Oraman. In this study the target area, in addition to Oraman, is the cities of Marivan, Kamyaran and Sarvabad, in other words, the western region in the Kurdistan province. This study includes fieldwork and the investigation of physical factors, and it utilized the method of typology (deductive-decreasing). During the fieldwork, data were collected and categorized from about 100 mountainous settlements in western Kurdistan. Then, 3D models were mapped and analyzed in the typology process.  The results of this research show four architectural typologies in these settlements. The first Type, which is more abundant, is a rectangular cube, without a yard, which usually has three floors. The second type has no yard and like stairs follows mountain topography. The architecture of these two types is extroverted. Buildings in the third type are larger than last two types, featuring a large courtyard. The fourth type is "L" shaped building and has a small courtyard. These two types of architecture are semi-extroverted. Communal spaces (terraces, corridors and courtyard roofs) are the best vernacular guides for contemporary designers and architects in this Kurdish region. In this study, by using the concepts of procedural typology approach, local architecture in the western Kurdish Region has been analyzed based on physical-subjective factors considering the interaction between past and contemporary architecture. It must be said that the effect of climate on the form and its height and its locating, slope of site, local and natural materials have been the main elements of the formation of the settlements. Characteristics of this kind of architecture are based on desire to nature and the context, extensive implant of flowers and fruit trees, locating on slope to have a perspective to nature and other buildings, and the provision of the habitants with collective spaces to meet their needs to have a conversation and relax in cool weather as well as creating a space for women’ daily routine.  }, Keywords = {Typology, vernacular settlement, procedural typology, Kurdistan.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {33-48}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {گونه‌شناسی کالبدی– ذهنی مسکن بومی مناطق غرب کردستان بر بنیاد نگره‌ تاریخی-تکاملی (مدرسه‌ موراتوری)}, abstract_fa ={هرچند بخش‌های کردنشین غرب ایران تاریخی دیرینه دارد ولی تاکنون لایه­های پنهان معماری به‌ظاهر ساده آن‌ها به‌صورت دقیق بررسی نشده است. در گفتمان معماری معاصر رویکردهای گوناگونی در پی تداوم سنت­های بومی‌اند که از این میان نگرش تاریخی-تکاملی (گونه­شناسی) نگرش­ها و اصولی برای شناخت عوامل کالبدی و ذهنی معماری حتی در مقیاس منطقه در خود دارد. کاربست این نگره­ بستری درخور برای چگونگی تداوم ویژگی‌های فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقلیمی و پیوند کالبد معماری با بستر منطقه به دست می­دهد. این پژوهش کوششی است برای شناخت و گونه­شناسی مسکن بومی مناطق غرب کردستان. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر نیز شناخت عناصر و مفاهیم این گونه­ها است، آن‌گونه که کاربست این مفاهیم در کنار نیازهای جدید ساکنان الهام­بخش معماران و طراحان منطقه­ در ساخت‌های روستایی و شهری باشد. این پژوهش میدانی است و برای بررسی عوامل کالبدی روش گونه‌شناسی (قیاسی-کاهشی) را به کار بسته است. نخست داده­ها از میان حدود یک‌صد سکونتگاه کوهستانی در غرب کردستان با پیمایش میدانی گردآوری و دسته‌بندی شد.‌ سپس کروکی و مدل‌های سه‌بعدی ترسیم و در روند گونه‌شناسی بررسی شدند. نتیجه این پژوهش چهار گونه معماری در مقیاس بنا را در این سکونتگاه‌ها نشان می­دهد. گونه نخست که فراوانی بیشتری دارد‌ مکعب مستطیل شکل است و بدون حیاط که معمولاً سه‌ طبقه‌ دارد. گونه دوم نیز حیاط ندارد اما پلکانی است. معماری این دوگونه برونگرا است. ساختمان‌های گونه سوم از دو گونه پیشین بزرگ‌تر است‌ با حیاطی بزرگ. گونه چهارم " L" شکل است و حیاطی کوچک و فرعی دارد. معماری نیمه برونگرا ویژگی این دوگونه است. انواع فضاهای جمعی (بربان، بانیجه، تراس، دالان و بام حیاط) رنگارنگی فضاهای درونی و بیرونی همپای طبیعت، پیوند با طبیعت، توجه به حس­ها و بهره­وری از تکنولوژی‌های نو و درخور منطقه بهترین راهنمای طراحان در این ‌مکان‌ها است.     کلمات کلیدی: گونه­شناسی، مسکن بومی، نگره تاریخی-تکاملی، موراتوری، کردستان.}, keywords_fa = {گونه­ شناسی, مسکن بومی, نگره تاریخی-تکاملی, موراتوری, کردستان.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.33}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1739-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1739-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Nouri, Maryam and Azizi, Shadi and NasirSalami, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Explaining of the roll of the guiding principles in design problem understanding by vernacular architecture (Case study: Seraj-Mahaleh village)}, abstract ={In the field of architecture, one of the branches of knowledge is design studies that studies on the design process. Researchers in this field have used various concepts to explain the designer's mental processes, one of them is the guiding principles. The guiding principles refer to the principles that the designer believes in and uses them to framerate and understand the priorities of the design problem. These principles, which rely on the design worldview, create a kind of unified approach fordealing with various design issues. Much of the research done in the design process and the role of the guiding principles in it has focused on architects and students who have been trained in urban environments and have faced design problems in the city. However, vernacular architecture in rural environments has very different coordinates and architectural production methods have valuable themes that can be extracted and studied. Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions. At least originally, vernacular architecture did not use formally-schooled architects, but relied on the design skills and tradition of local builders. Therefore, the main question of this research is that what are the guiding principles in the design process of a vernacular architect and what are their content? To answer this question, Seraj- Mahaleh village was selected as an example alongside the body tissue and native social tissue. Sarej-Mahaleh village located in Kolbad district of Golgah city, 5 km from the city and 20 km from Behshahr city. Then five of the native architects of the region were identified. In the following, the architects presented three design issues with the theme "House" and they were asked to talk about their design. These words were recorded in semi-structured interviews and then analyzed by qualitative content. The overall structure of this research is based on a qualitative method. Qualitative research methodology is generally referred to as research, whose findings are not obtained through statistical processes and quantifiable purposes. Qualitative research is a broad methodological approach that encompasses many research methods. The aim of qualitative research may vary with the disciplinary background, such as a psychologist seeking to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. Qualitative methods examine the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when, or "who", and have a strong basis in the field of sociology to understand government and social programs. In order to clarify the subject and gain better result, studies and backgrounds of this research, the sources and research backgrounds have been divided into two areas of study design, and rural house. Concepts extracted from these interviews show that being in harmony with nature, avoiding longevity, long-term customer and user satisfaction, as well as respecting neighborliness, is one of the most important principles that always comes into the face of the design problem of native architects. The guiding principles have a strong limiting role in the design process of vernacular architects. Every design issue does not start with a white tablet or null mind. Each designer has a specific worldview and carries a set of beliefs, values, and attitudes that we call "guiding principles." The relation between this approach to guiding principles versus non- vernacular architects is a topic can be considered in future research and it provides more complete understanding of design in the native environment.    }, Keywords = {problem understanding, architectural design, guiding principles, vernacular architecture, village, Seraj-Mahaleh.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {49-64}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {تبیین جایگاه اصول راهنما در فهم معمار بومی از مسئله طراحی معماری (مطالعه موردی: روستای سراج‌محله)}, abstract_fa ={یکی از شاخه‌های دانش در حوزه معماری، طراحی پژوهی است که به مطالعه فرایند طراحی می‌پردازد. پژوهشگران این حوزه مفاهیم مختلفی برای توضیح فرایندهای ذهنی طراح به کار گرفته‌اند که یکی از آن‌ها اصول راهنما است. اصول راهنما اصولی است که طراح به آن‌ها باور دارد و از آن‌ها در قاب‌بندی و فهم اولویت‌های مسئله طراحی بهره می‌گیرد. این اصول که متکی به جهان‌بینی طراحی شکل می‌گیرند‌ موجب نوعی وحدت رویه در قبال برخورد با مسئله‌های گوناگون طراحی می‌شوند. بخش عمده‌ای از پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده در حوزه فرایند طراحی و نقش اصول راهنما در آن، معطوف به معماران و دانشجویانی بوده که در محیط‌های شهری آموزش‌دیده‌ و با مسئله‌های طراحی در شهر نیز مواجه بوده‌اند. این در حالی است که معماری بومی در محیط‌های روستایی مختصاتی کاملاً ‌‌متفاوت دارد و شیوه‌های تولید معماری در آن واجد درون‌مایه‌های ارزشمندی است که می‌تواند مورد استخراج و مطالعه قرار بگیرد. از این‌رو پرسش اصلی این پژوهش این است که اصول راهنما در فرایند طراحی یک معمار بومی چه نقشی ایفا می‌کنند و چه محتوایی دارند؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش، روستای سراج‌محله به‌عنوان نمونه‌ای که در کنار بافت کالبدی، همچنان دارای بافت اجتماعی بومی نیز هست انتخاب شد و سپس پنج نفر از معماران بومی منطقه شناسایی شدند. در ادامه به این معماران، سه مسئله طراحی با موضوع «خانه» ارائه شد و از آن‌ها خواسته شد درباره طراحی موردنظر خود سخن بگویند. این سخنان در قالب مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته ثبت و پیاده شد و سپس مورد تحلیل محتوای کیفی قرار گرفت. ساختار کلی این پژوهش، مبتنی بر روش کیفـی است. روش تحقیق کیفی عموماً به تحقیقاتی اطـلاق می‌شود که یافته‌های آن از طریق فرایندهای آماری و بـا مقاصـد کمی سازی بـه دسـت نیامـده باشـد. براساس ‌نتیجه این پژوهش، مفاهیم استخراج ‌شده از این مصاحبه‌ها نشان می‌دهد که هماهنگی با طبیعت، پرهیز از اسراف، رضایت بلندمدت کارفرما و کاربران و همچنین رعایت حقوق همسایگی از مهم‌ترین اصولی است که همواره در مواجهه با مسئله طراحی مدنظر معماران بومی قرار می‌گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {فهم مسئله, طراحی معماری, اصول راهنما, معمار بومی, روستا, سراج‌محله.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.49}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1705-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1705-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {SamadpourShahrak, Amir and Etesam, Iraj and Einifar, Alirez}, title = {Determining the Motivating Factors of Place Sense in Rural Society Using Structural Equation Modeling (Case Study: Rural Zone of East Azerbaijan Province)}, abstract ={The sense of place expresses a kind of emotional and interactive relationship between the man and the setting. It creates a positive relationship with the bonding between the people and the place. Sense of place is causing the positive qualitative and satisfactory reception of the place for residence. The creation of mentioned concept is important in maintaining the quality of the setting as well as the integrity of human life within it. Over the past four decades, researchers in environmental and human sciences have been researching and commenting on this concept. Many scholars argued about vague of that concept, relationship between the concept of the sense of place and the psychological and perceptual factors of man, Society and characteristics of the physical setting. The nested interaction of those factors in formation of sense of place has caused complexity in its definition. On the other hand, the lack of consensus of the theorists offer a single definition, and sometimes provide close or alternative definitions of concepts such as "structure of the place", "spirit of place", "place dependence", "place attachment", “place identity” and etc. Therefore, it is difficult to apply theories to the creation of the place by the architects and urban planners and other specialists related to the creation of the place. Also, a review of the research has shown that researchers are focusing on urban communities, and the laches of research in this area is highly felt in rural settings. As one of the contemporary problems facing rural communities in Iran is migrating and Leaving the village, and the use of factors that increase the linkage of villagers whit their living place can be effective in reducing this trend, thus determining the factors that clearly explain the mechanism of sense of place and making it possible to apply it in the field of rural planning, architecture, landscape design, and the creation of rural places, is the main objective of this research. The research was carried out in two stages; in the first stage, by the method of articles review, analyzing and gaining of logical argumentation, the main dimensions of the sense of place are defined and the theoretical model of sense of place have been developed. In the second stage, with a survey method and using questionnaires, 391 samples selected in Randomly Cluster Sampling Method from villages that have over 20 households in the East Azerbaijan Province, then with Structural Equation Modeling technique, the theoretical model has been tested and the feature of its factors is determined. The results show that the main dimensions of the sense of place are explained in three dimensions of environmental-physical, operational-functional and individual-social factors within the human living experience in a given place. The existence of specific qualities of the triple dimensions within a living experience in influencing individual characteristics after passing through the perceptual and cognitive filter of a man, the concept of sense of place is forming. How longer the period of living experience in the place is, due to the deepening of social-cultural links and livelihood and biological affinities of people with various components of the place, more enhance in sense of place and cause dependency, belonging, and the deeper levels of sense of place. Also, the results of the analysis of Structural Equation Models show that the priority of influencing the sense of place is related to place linkage variables, environmental qualities, performance and activities, place identity and social linkage. The variables of the features of the functions and activities in the selected society, does not have a significant effect on the sense of place motivation. Further on this study, the factors that creating the place sense are explained. The research findings can be useful for rural architects, landscape designers, rural and urban planners and Specialist in environmental science to place creation.}, Keywords = {Place sense, Village, Structural Equation Modeling}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {65-80}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {تبیین عوامل انگیزش حس مکان در جامعه روستایی با استفاده از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری(مطالعه موردی: پهنه روستایی استان آذربایجان شرقی)}, abstract_fa ={حس مکان نوعی رابطه حسی و تعاملی میان فرد و محیط زندگی را تبیین ‌می‌کند و رابطه مثبتی با پیوند میان فرد و مکان و دریافت‌های کیفی مثبت و رضایتمندی از محل زندگی دارد. از آنجا که به استناد سرشماری‌های سراسری کشور، مهاجرت روز افزون روستاییان به شهر و دل کندن و ترک روستا از مشکلات گریبانگیر جوامع روستایی می‌باشد، شناخت عوامل انگیزش حس مکان و حفظ و تقویت آن توسط تصمیم‌گیران و برنامه‌ریزان روستایی می‌تواند در رفع این مشکل تأثیر‌‌گذار باشد. این پژوهش با هدف تدقیق مفهوم حس مکان و تبیین مؤلفه‌های ماهیتی و شاخص‌های مربوطه در جامعه روستایی انجام شده و در دو مرحله انجام یافته است‌. در مرحله اول به روش مرور سابقه موضوع، تحلیل و حصول به استدلال منطقی، ابعاد اصلی حس مکان تعریف شد و مدل نظری حس مکان تدوین گردید. ‌‌سپس در مرحله دوم با روش پیمایشی و آزمون پرسشنامه‌ای، تعداد 391 نمونه به‌صورت خوشه‌ای تصادفی از روستاهای بالای 20 خانوار استان آذربایجان شرقی انتخاب شد و با استفاده از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری، مدل نظری به آزمایش گذاشته شده و جایگاه عوامل آن تبیین شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می‌دهد‌ ابعاد اصلی حس مکان در سه وجه محیطی/کالبدی، فعالیتی/عملکردی و فردی/اجتماعی در درون تجربه زیستی انسان در مکان مفروض تعریف می‌شود‌.‌ وجود کیفیات خاص عوامل سه گانه‌ درون یک تجربه زیستی در تأثیر‌‌پذیری از ویژگی‌های شخصی پس از عبور از فیلتر ادراکی و شناختی فرد، مفهوم حس مکان را شکل می‌دهد‌ و افزایش کمی و کیفی عناصر و فرایند مطرح شده، میزان عمق آن‌را می افزاید. همچنین نتایج آزمون در جامعه روستایی انتخابی نشان می‌دهد مهم‌ترین عوامل در انگیزش حس مکان به‌ترتیب عوامل پیوند مکانی، کیفیات محیطی، میزان فعالیت و عملکرد، هویت مکان و پیوند اجتماعی و رفاه مکانی می‌باشد. در ادامه پژوهش شاخصه‌های ایجاد این عوامل، تبیین و راهکارهای عملی جهت کاربست در فضاهای روستای ارائه شده است. نتایج حاصل می‌تواند برای معماران و برنامه‌ریزان روستایی و متخصصین مربوط به علوم محیطی جهت آفرینش محیط‌های دارای حس مکان مفید باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {حس مکان, روستا, مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.65}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1755-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1755-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Poordehghan, Hafezeh and SHAHCHERAGHI, AZADE and Mokhtabad, Seyed Mostaf}, title = {Evaluation and Analysis of the Theoretical Principles of Desirable Housing According to the Opinions of the Citizens}, abstract ={Focus on different aspects of desirable ideal housing and its explaining elements is one of the main concerns of the experts in this field. It is obvious that  a clear and scientific achievement of these elements prevents the fault and therefore loss of substantial socioeconomic and cultural assets. According to the most of the studies that were done with the aim of raising the housing quality, role of the people as the defying, conforming factor on the quality of housing is undeniable. Indeed the following research is done based on the presumption that people believe into a set of principles and rules for evaluating their own place of residence which is recognizable. Physical desirability, functional desirability, social desirability and cultural desirability are the four dimensions for evaluating utility in this research which is resulted in the analytical, descriptive method, and by converting qualitative data into the quantitative data, a portion of demanding qualitative information is collected by referring to documentative and library resources and the other part is gathered by the field research. The selected statistical population is a number of 420 citizens which are selected based on a random sampling in three areas of the central texture of Tehran city. In order to test the theories, validity, and reliability of the research structure is analyzed according to the considered coefficient of certainty and the factor weight for each of them are evaluated. Then, the structural equations model is formulated and the results of the study forces with were analyzed and interpreted by Lisrel software.  Results of the research indicate this general content in which people have the most preferences for the social, cultural, physical and functional factors on testing their housing units. Analysing the living space from the viewpoint of people has an emphasis on this general concept in which the visible and invisible qualities of desirable housing should be discerned, used and tested in an empirical process by the people themselves, and then will be extended and spread. People consider two general judgements on deciding the quality of their housing unit: Their assumptions in relation to their physical character of the living space which is extendable into physical and functional indexes and the second set includes emotions and assumptions that depend on their social and cultural preferences. According to the preferences of the first group which include the external and evident aspect of the ideal housing, results of the research shows that people have a more focus on the internal qualities of the house more than the exterior attributes. Proper collective spaces and suitable spaces for the formation of family bonds like a space for serving the guests has the most coefficient in the viewpoint of the people, and it can be considered as the minimum expectations that they have from their living spaces. Although the exterior attributes including proper facades and fine landscapes as the effective factors but they have a lower level of significance compared with the exterior attributes. Therefore, in respect with the judgement of the second type of people, research factors which includes the hidden and implicit aspects and significances of desirable housing, we can clearly realize that people learning even the hidden meanings beyond forms from each other, and they only pay effort on this type of rendering over unlike an intrinsic view to observe through the meaning closures and hidden concepts beyond forms. Therefore, the factors of the sense of familiarity, and association together with cultural signs and symbols have the highest coefficients on explaining the identity aspects of the housing. . They prefer to live in similar houses with their neighbors and live with their own cultural and identity courses with their families. Therefore the visible and non-visible attributes of desirable housing should be perceived in an empirical process by the people themselves, then it should be used and tested and should eventually be generalized and extended by the people.    }, Keywords = {Housing architecture, housing desirability, opinion of people, suitable housing, structural equations.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {81-96}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {سنجش و تحلیل قواعد نظری مسکن مطلوب با تکیه بر آرای مردم}, abstract_fa ={پرداختن به وجوه مختلف مسکن مطلوب و مؤلفه­های اصلی تبیین­کننده آن یکی از دغدغه­های اصلی متخصصین این حوزه است. مشخص است که دستیابی هرچه صریح­تر و عملی­تر به این مؤلفه­ها، از به خطا رفتن و به همان نسبت هدر رفتن سرمایه­های کلان اجتماعی و اقتصادی و فرهنگی جلوگیری می­کند. به استناد غالب پژوهش­هایی که در زمینه ارتقای کیفیت مسکن صورت گرفته است نقش مردم به‌عنوان عامل تعیین­کننده و تثبیت­کننده کیفیت مسکن، انکارناپذیر است. لذا پژوهش پیش­رو با این فرض صورت پذیرفته است که مردم برای سنجش کیفیت مکان سکونت خود، قائل به اصول و قواعدی هستند که قابل بازشناسی است. لاجرم این اصول و قواعد، وجوه پیدای مسکن تا زوایای درونی و پنهان آن‌را در بر می­گیرد. مطلوبیت کالبدی، مطلوبیت کارکردی، مطلوبیت اجتماعی و مطلوبیت فرهنگی چهار بعد سنجش مطلوبیت مسکن در این پژوهش است که با روش تحلیلی، توصیفی و تبدیل داده­های کیفی به متغیرهای کمی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است، بخشی از اطلاعات کیفی مورد نیاز با رجوع به منابع اسنادی و کتابخانه­ای و بخش دیگر به وسیله پیمایش میدانی گردآوری شده است. جامعه آماری منتخب، 420 نفر از مردم هستند که براساس نمونه­گیری تصادفی در سه محدوده از پهنه مرکزی بافت شهر تهران انتخاب شده­اند. جهت آزمون فرصیات، ابتدا روایی و پایایی سازه تحقیق توسط تحلیل عاملی تأییدی (با توجه به ضریب اطمینان مورد نظر) بررسی و بار عاملی هر یک از مؤلفه­ها ارزیابی شده است. سپس مدل معادلات ساختاری، تنظیم و برآیند نیروهای تحقیق با نرم­افزار لیزرل تحلیل و تفسیر شده است. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر این محتوای کلی است که مردم در سنجش خوب بودن خانه خود به ترتیب بیشترین اهمیت را برای مؤلفه­های اجتماعی، فرهنگی، کالبدی و کارکردی قائل هستند. تحلیل فضای سکونت، از نگاه مردم تأکید بر این مفهوم کلی است که کیفیت­های دیدنی و نادیدنی مسکن مطلوب، می­بایست در یک فرایند تجربی توسط خود مردم درک شده، مورد استفاده و آزمون قرار گیرد و سپس توسط خود مردم تعمیم یافته و فراگیر ­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {معماری مسکن, مطلوبیت مسکن, آرای مردم, خانه خوب, معادلات ساختاری.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.81}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1699-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1699-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Khanmohamadi, Ehsan and Mahravan, Abbas}, title = {Assessing the Mitigation of Environmental Impacts of Using Renewable Resources in Rural Areas (Case Study: Nejobaran Village-Kermanshah- Iran)}, abstract ={This paper evaluates the changes in the ecological footprint index in rural areas by applying the replacement of renewable energy sources to fossil fuels. Population growth, and consequently increased use of fossil fuels, has resulted in various environmental degradation including climate change, global warming, and melting of polar ice. Detailed scientific analysis show that the buildings consume more than 40% of the total used energy, of which 70% is consumed as electrical energy. Therefore, it is essential to reduce nonrenewable energy’s consumption through particularly focusing on the substitution of renewable energy sources to achieve a far less environmental degradation. Although the rural areas are considered as locations contain a proportion of the population living in the biosphere with a less usage of nonrenewable resources, it should also be considered that the population living in the mentioned areas benefits from many economic, health and welfare facilities existing in their surrounding towns. Therefore, rural communities' participation in environmental conservation is crucial to the conservation of the living environment. In addition, rural areas have a wide range of potential uses of renewable energy sources than urban environments. In this regard, the Eco-villages have successfully supplied much of their energy consumption from renewable sources focusing on sustainable strategies and policies. For example, Ithaca eco village have reduced its ecological footprint to zero through using renewable energy sources and even transferred its surplus electricity to the national grid. The ecological footprint is an indicator that can be widely used for assessing the environmental impacts of human products, activities, and services on the Earth. This index specifies the amount of land needed to absorb carbon dioxide emitted through the consumption of a certain amount of fossil fuels. On average, at the global scale, one hectare of productive land is needed to absorb the emitted CO2 from consuming 80 to 100(Gj) energy resulted from combustion of fossil fuel. The index of the ecological footprint in Iran was 2.8 gha/capita/year in 2015. Comparing this index with the Iran's bio-capacity (0.9 gha/capita/year) reveals the excessive withdrawal of the biological capacity of natural resources in this country. The present paper proposes an efficient method for assessing the effect of using renewable energy sources in the ecological footprint of rural areas. A case study of "Nejobaran village" as an example of rural areas with rich natural potentials for using renewable energy sources is analyzed carefully using an analytical research methodology. The data collection has been done through observation, questionnaires and interviews, using statistics and research works along with the official websites and library resources. After assessing the feasibility of using a variety of renewable energy production methods in the Nejobaran village, the ecological footprint of the current situation of the electricity consumption is calculated and compared with the case of consuming renewable energy sources. The Nejobaran village is examined to determine how the substitution of available renewable energy sources can contribute to mitigating environmental impacts of using electrical energy supplied by fossil fuels. The detailed analysis show that the ecological footprint of consumed electricity in that village, used for cooling, heating, lighting, and other home appliances, as well as the communication equipment, is 6.893 (gha). The use of photovoltaic panels with a surface area of 1,000 (m2) and two small water turbines not only contribute to reduce the ecological footprint of this sector to 1,895 (gha) and 1,577 (gha), respectively, but also contribute to mitigate the total ecological footprint of the village comparing to the choice when all electricity supplied by fossil fuel. The use of these two systems together brings 1912.1 (Gj) of electrical energy, which is 1216.4 (Gj) in excess of the needs of the Nejobaran village, which changes this village into an energy plus rural area. Applying these two systems will be resulted to supplying the required energy as well as delivering the additional electricity to the national grid. As a result, this prevents the exploitation of 10,365 (gha) from the productive lands of the village and country.  }, Keywords = {Sustainability, Sustainable Communities, Ecological footprint, Ecovillage, Renewable energy sources.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {97-112}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر استفاده از منابع تجدید‌پذیر انرژی بر شاخص ردپای اکولوژیکی در محیط‌های روستایی(مطالعه موردی: روستای نجوبران استان کرمانشاه)}, abstract_fa ={این مقاله به ارزیابی تغییرات شاخص ردپای اکولوژیکی در محیط­های روستایی در اثر جایگزینی انرژی فسیلی با منابع تجدید‌پذیر انرژی می‌پردازد. رشد جمعیت و به‌تبع آن افزایش استفاده­ از سوخت­های فسیلی، اثرات مخرب زیست‌محیطی گوناگونی را به‌دنبال داشته است. بیش از‌40 درصد استفاده از کل انرژی که 70 درصد آن‌را مصرف برق تشکیل می­دهد، در ساختمان­ها مصرف می‌شود. از این رو ضروری می­نمود با تمرکز بر بخش ساختمان، انرژی‌های تجدید‌پذیر که به مراتب اثرات زیست‌محیطی کمتری دارند، جایگزین انرژی حاصل از سوخت‌های فسیلی گردند. محیط‌های روستایی نیز بخشی از جمعیت ساکن در زیست‌کره را شامل می‌شوند که نسبت به محیط‌های شهری از پتانسیل‌های متنوعی در بهره­گیری از منابع تجدید‌پذیر انرژی برخوردار می‌باشند. ردپای اکولوژیکی شاخصی به‌منظور بررسی تأثیرات زیست‌محیطی تولیدات، فعالیت‌ها و خدمات بشری بر زیست‌کره است. شاخص ردپای اکولوژیکی در ایران و در سال 2015 میلادی برابر با 2.8 هکتار در مقیاس جهانی به ازای هر نفر بوده است، این در حالی است که ظرفیت زیستی ایران 0.9 هکتار در مقیاس جهانی به ازای هر نفر است که نشان از برداشت بیش ‌از حد از منابع طبیعی دارد. با توجه به ضرورت موضوع، روستای نجوبران در استان کرمانشاه به‌عنوان نمونه­ موردی انتخاب و پس از جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از طریق مشاهدات، پرسشنامه و مصاحبه، آمارهای رسمی، سایت‌ها و منابع کتابخانه‌ای مورد بررسی قرار گرفت تا میزان اثرگذاری بهره‌گیری از انرژی‌های تجدید‌پذیر بر شاخص ردپای زیست­محیطی کشوری به شیوه‌ تحلیلی-توصیفی، محاسبه و بررسی گردد. نتایج این مقاله نشان داد که ردپای اکولوژیکی برق مصرفی در روستای نجوبران در سال 1396 برابر با 6.894 هکتار در مقیاس جهانی می‌باشد. استفاده از صفحات فتوولتاییک به مساحت 1000 مترمربع و دو توربین آبی کوچک ردپای اکولوژیکی مصرف برق در این روستا را به صفر رساند. استفاده از این دو سامانه در کنار یکدیگر و تزریق برق تولیدی مازاد بر نیاز به شبکه‌ سراسری، در مجموع 10.364 هکتار در مقیاس جهانی به ظرفیت زیستی منطقه و کشور اضافه نمود که می‌تواند سایر فعالیت­ها در نقاط شهری را از لحاظ زیست­ محیطی پشتیبانی نماید.      }, keywords_fa = {پایداری, اجتماعات پایدار, ردپای اکولوژیکی, اکوویلیج, انرژی­های تجدید‌پذیر.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.97}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1605-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1605-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {ShafieiSabet, Naser and HosseiniHasel, Sediqeh and rahbari, Mahnaz}, title = {Rural Mmanagement, Empowerment of Local Stakeholders and Physical Transformation of Rural Settlements(Case Study: Semnan Province)}, abstract ={Following the occurrence of environmental challenges, socio - economic and especially physical inequalities in most countries are affected by the dominance of policy and approach of development management from top to bottom, the ground for paying attention and change the approach to development from the bottom to top, in order to balance the physical - spatial organization of rural settlements was provided. In this theory, by paying attention to local communities through their empowerment, power and stability of all stakeholders involved in the management process, especially local communities are recognized. However, what can be seen in the spatial management system in rural areas of developing countries is the empowerment of the local community. Thus, it has led to impaired and balanced development in rural settlements. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze the effects of local stakeholders ' empowerment on the physical changes of rural settlements in Semnan province. In modern theories of rural management, managerial thought is based on the mechanisms of empowerment of local stakeholders,the field of intervention ,creation of the capability and power penetration framework of members along with local communities in the process of rural management. However, in the current rural management systems, the empowerment of local communities and their role in the process of rural management is weak. With the introduction of a communicative and interactive approach in rural management process through facilitating methods, empowerment has been proposed, which emphasizes on rural participation and self - reliance. On this basis, the degree of desirability of rural management is closely related to the dominant approach on how to perform the action. The more the participation of the main actors in the process of rural management, the more effective decisions will be in rural development and this depends on the approach adopted in the method and stages of management. The present study has been conducted by using descriptive - analytical method and quantitative and qualitative methods. To analyze the rural management approach in Semnan province in terms of empowerment indices, local stakeholder empowerment indices were used through 14 empowerment indices. Measurement of physical transformations of rural settlements was done through seven indices. The statistical population of the study is 394 villages inhabited by Semnan province. According to the Cochran formula, 400 questionnaires were distributed and completed among 40 villages of Semnan province. In addition, a number of 30+ 1 questionnaires were distributed among villagers and members of the Islamic council of the 40 villages. Data from the questionnaire were tested after coding and entering into the SPSSsoftware. Data were analyzed by one t sample test, Kendall’s correlation coefficient and multivariate regression test. According to villagers and local management viewpoint, all measured indices in relation to empowerment of local stakeholders in the process of rural management in Semnan province are either average or lower than average. Also, there is a meaningful relation between local stakeholders ' empowerment indices and the physical changes of rural settlements in the study area. But, the significance of the most effective factors with the indices of physical changes of rural settlements is due to the low average of indicator parameters. The studied indices in this study were not in a way that led to create the power and empowerment among local stakeholders in the process of rural management. In other words, in the current approach, enabling local stakeholders, instead of the power of local stakeholders, is the state of the power. Therefore, it may create meaning, competence, trust and empowerment among local stakeholders.  }, Keywords = {Rural management, empowerment, local stakeholders, physical transformation, Semnan province.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {113-128}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {سنجش مدیریت روستایی، توانمندسازی ذینفعان محلی و تحولات کالبدی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی(مطالعه موردی: استان سمنان)}, abstract_fa ={این مقاله به بررسی جایگاه مدیریت روستایی، چالش­ها و فرصت­های توانمندسازی ذینفعان محلی و تأثیر آن بر تحولات کالبدی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی استان سمنان پرداخته است. در این راستا، با این که «توانمندسازی مولد» ذینفعان محلی تضمین­کننده پایداری ابعاد توسعه و تحول کالبدی است‌ لیکن رویکرد مدیریت «بالا به پایین» و «حکومت محور»، موجب «توانمندسازی نامولد» ذینفعان محلی در منطقه مورد مطالعه شده‌ و نتوانسته است آن‌ها را به مثابه یکی از عناصر قدرت در حوزه مداخله مدیریت روستایی درآورد. برای تبیین دقیق موضوع‌، مقاله حاضر با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، ارتباط بین شاخص­های روش و احساس توانمندسازی ذینفعان محلی‌ و شاخص­های تحول کالبدی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی را در قالب 21 شاخص، سنجیده است. یافته­های حاصل از آزمون­های آماری کندال‌تااوبی و رگرسیون، نامناسب بودن جایگاه شاخص­های توانمندسازی ذینفعان محلی در فرایند مدیریت روستایی را آشکار ساخت. به سخن­دیگر، عملیاتی کردن روش توانمندسازی ذینفعان محلی به‌صورت «قدرت­بر» و سلطه­آمیز‌ نتوانسته است احساس معنا‌­دار بودن، شایستگی، خودباوری، اعتماد، قدرت و توانمندی را در بین ذینفعان محلی ایجاد نماید. به ‌‌این­ترتیب‌ در فرایند مدیریت روستایی، گیرندگان و بروزدهندگان «توانمندسازی نامولد» هنوز به شکل فزاینده­ای غلبه دارند،‌ به­گونه­ای که باعث نارسایی در فرایند تحولات کالبدی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی استان سمنان در ابعاد مسکن، خدمات زیربنایی، بهداشت محیط، وضعیت مالی، شبکه معابر، روابط اجتماعی و کاربری اراضی شده است. بنابراین‌ نیاز است رویکرد حاکم بر فرایند مدیریت روستایی‌ تغییر یابد و یا اصلاح شود. در این ارتباط، انتخاب سیاست‌های اجتماعی و اقتصادی مناسب دولت و به­کارگیری روش­های مناسب توانمند­سازی مولد ذینفعان محلی در فرایند مدیریت روستایی، مورد تأکید می‌باشد. رویکردی که در آن نگاه قبلی با اصالت متخصص از «بالا به پایین»، جایگزین ابتکارات محلی از« پایین به بالا» شود و مدیریت روستایی اجتماع­محور از طریق روش­های توانمندسازی مولد ذینفعان محلی، فرصت­ مناسبی برای تحولات مثبت کالبدی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی، فراهم سازد.  }, keywords_fa = {مدیریت روستایی, توانمندسازی, ذینفعان محلی, تحولات کالبدی, استان سمنان}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.113}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1688-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1688-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Rahimbakhsh, Fatemeh and Habib, Farah and Garakani, seysed Amir hossei}, title = {Investigating the Lifestyle Quality in Darbastaneh and Baba-Pashman Villages in the Lorestan Province}, abstract ={In the recent years, the strategic planning based on sustainability approach at the level of rural settlements has attracted particular attention. Accordingly, considering the disaster-prone characteristic of Iran and on the other hand, the adoption of the relocation policy in many of the rural settlements reconstruction after disasters, attention to the concept of life quality and the economic, social and cultural situation of villagers have been acted a very important role in the upcoming reconstructions planning. The low quality of life in rural areas and as a result, the migration of villagers to major cities, has pursued the numerous problems both in rural areas and in cities. The villagers' dissatisfaction of the life quality in rural settlements has been many social, economic, physical and environmental consequences in these areas. Intervention in rural settlements without identifying and considering components affecting the life quality of villagers caused the loss of the sense of belonging and the historic identity, the tribe dispersion, the destruction of the village physical integrity, and also the social and economic networks detachment, and in some cases desolating the constructed units without inhabitants or migration of villagers to cities and/or the surrounding villages. On the other hand, improving the life quality in villages can provide regional development opportunities. Therefore, attention to the life quality issue in rural development concepts is of great importance. The life quality possess the aspects of different issues together that can be defined in terms of objective and subjective dimensions. The life quality criteria are affected by the existence of unique natural, social, economic, and physical-spatial characteristics in the villages. In this study, based on the conducted investigations, the constructive dimensions of the life quality of villagers are defined as the qualities of education, health, infrastructures, security, residential environment, access to information, social welfare, location, employment and income, and solidarity and Social participation. According to the conceptual framework of studies about the rural’s living quality, it is possible to present a complete picture of the living quality by utilizing its parameters, which consists of the mentioned dimensions; these dimensions were studied in the Darbastaneh and Baba-pashman villages of Lorestan province as the reviewed and studied villages of this study after ten years of their formation. The present study is descriptive, analytical and survey. The statistical population consisted of inhabited households in two villages of Baba-pashman and Darbastaneh which their population respectively were been 500 and 860. Sampling was done according to classification and the number of samples was distributed according to the population's share of each village and their inquiry was selected randomly. According to Morgan table, sample rate for two villages with 95% confidence level respectively was selected 100 and 120, and data were analyzed through SPSS software. After identifying the effective components on improving the living quality of the villagers, the regression equation was defined to assess the living quality. Based on this, the living quality in the Baba-Pashman village were accrued 81% and 64% in the Darbastaneh village. Also the variance analysis indicated the difference between the specified components. Based on Bonferron's test, the differences between the levels of the specified components were determined. The results of this study indicate that both villages have a good quality of life.    }, Keywords = {Darbastaneh village, Baba-pashman village, Rural Settlement, Life Quality, Rural Development.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {129-140}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {بررسی کیفیت‌ زندگی در روستاهای درب‌‌آستانه و باباپشمان استان لرستان}, abstract_fa ={پایین بودن سطح کیفیت زندگی در سکونتگاه­های روستایی پیامدهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی و محیطی بسیاری در این مناطق بدنبال دارد. از طرفی بهبود کیفیت زندگی در روستاها می­تواند زمینه­ های توسعه منطقه­ای را فراهم نماید لذا توجه به موضوع کیفیت زندگی در مفاهیم توسعه روستایی در سال­های اخیر از اهمیت بسزایی برخوردار شده است. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی مؤلفه‌های سازنده کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای درب­آستانه و باباپشمان استان لرستان است که پس از زلزله سال 1385 جابه ­جا شده­ اند. تحقیق حاضر از نوع توصیفی، تحلیلی و پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری شامل خانوارهای ساکن در دو روستای بابا­پشمان و درب‌آستانه بوده­اند که جمعیت آن‌ها به ترتیب 500 و 860 نفر می‌باشد. نمونه­گیری بر‌اساس طبقه‌بندی صورت گرفته‌ و تعداد نمونه­ ها بر‌اساس سهم جمعیتی هر روستا توزیع و پرسشگری از آن‌ها به‌صورت تصادفی انجام شده است. بر‌اساس جدول مورگان حجم نمونه برای دو روستا با سطح اطمینان 95 درصد به ترتیب 100و 120 نفر انتخاب شده ‌و داده ها با استفاده از نرم ­افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. پس از شناسایی مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار بر بهبود کیفیت زندگی روستاییان معادله­ ای رگرسیونی برای سنجش کیفیت­زندگی مشخص شد که بر آن اساس در روستای باباپشمان 81 درصد و در روستای درب­ آستانه 64 درصد بدست آمد. تحلیل واریانس نیز حاکی از تفاوت بین مؤلفه‌های مشخص شده بود که براساس آزمون بنفرونی تفاوت بین سطوح مؤلفه‌های مشخص شده، تعیین گردید. نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که هر دو روستا از سطح کیفیت زندگی مطلوبی برخودار می‌باشند.}, keywords_fa = {روستای درب ­آستانه, روستای باباپشمان, سکونتگاه روستایی, کیفیت ­زندگی, توسعه روستایی.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.129}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1596-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1596-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Razi, Lili and Nematimehr, Marj}, title = {Applying Ecotourism Rural Model for the Regeneration of Targeted Ecotourism Rural Areas (Case Study: The Village of Verdij, Tehran, Iran)}, abstract ={Fostering rural development is one of the greatest recent challenges for development policy. Rural areas have long been threatened by environmental pollutions and degradation, absence of adequate employment opportunities and adequate wages to sustain villagers’ livelihood and social cohesion. Urgency to their present condition provided the basis for the rural tourism development programme in 2006. The programme is strategically designed to provide investment in economic and social infrastructure through means of tourism. Nonetheless, more research is warranted to further the development of rural touristic communities beyond physical context. The present study examines the role of ecotourism and community-based sustainable development by a descriptive-analytical method. The following questions are raised for research analysis: What are the principles of ecotourism and ecotouristic village development? How these principles could be contributed to ecotouristic villages? How will the village of Verdij could be regenerated through the ecotourism village principles? To answer these questions, a comprehensive model is required to ensure a sustainable ecotourism community. Ecotourism has been long used as a strategy for environmental conservation and sustaining the well-being of the local population. Its principles- to name a few- are; education, conservation, benefits for locals, low impact, non-consumptive, ethical and responsible and etc. However, the application of ecotourism must be maintained through models of sustainable settlements at the village level. Based on OECD 1994 (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) rural tourism and development should lean towards rural areas, built upon the rural world’s special features, rural in scale, traditional in character, growing slowly and organically, sustainable, representing the complex pattern of rural environment, economy, and history. The Ecovillage concept, using recent sustainable community development approaches, share similar principles to that of ecotourism - and plays a key role in ensuring that development is sustainable, both in terms of environment and the welfare of local communities. Its principles were combined with ecotourism to achieve the ultimate objective of this paper: Compiling a conceptual framework of ecotourism village development. According to the framework, four major goals are identified:  ecological, social, economic, cultural-governance. Application of the model is illustrated in Verdij village, in the vicinity of district 22 of Tehran, Iran. This village has many values such as biological diversity, geomorphological specifications, and most importantly Tafoni rocks; called “Stone dolls” by the villagers. These dolls are small cave-like features with rounded entrances and smooth concave walls, which attract many tourists to the village. In spite of this exceptional natural resource and heritage, the village has difficulties taking advantage of tourism development. Therefore, a comprehensive framework is essential if tourism is to play an effective role in rural development In order to translate the model’s goals into spatial-physical output in Verdij Village, three design scenarios were compiled with the idea of creating a tourism trail. The analytic network process (ANP), was used for selecting the best scenario. This plan includes a collection of policies and design principles where the spatial reflection is prepared in a two-dimensional vision (diagrammatic plan). Policies, such as energy efficiency, livelihood, green buildings, community building, support in local economies, reconnecting with nature and the health of the locals was then considered for the village. Findings also established that nature conservation, implementing sound ecological design, protecting scenic views and vistas, development of local economies, and environmental education were important factors for its community to thrive.  Verdij design principles were also expanded to specify principles that could be applied to other similar development projects. The benefits resulting from the conceptual framework is to create opportunities for comprehensive planning beyond the mere physical context, to one which serves both the needs of conservation and generates revenue for the local community. Moreover, factors such as leadership, education, training and lack of suitable tourism infrastructure need to be overcome in order for rural tourism development to thrive in Iran.  }, Keywords = {ecological development, rural tourism development programme, ecotourism village, the village of Verdij, Tehran.}, volume = {38}, Number = {165}, pages = {141-156}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, title_fa = {کاربست مدل دهکده اکوتوریسمی جهت بازآفرینی روستاهای هدف گردشگری اکولوژیک(مطالعه موردی: روستای وردیج، استان تهران)}, abstract_fa ={این مقاله با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی و با بررسی و تحلیل متون (روش اسنادی)، به‌دنبال ارائه مدلی مفهومی برای مدیریت روستاهای هدف گردشگری با پتانسیل­های خاص اکولوژیک )‌ارائه مدل ارزیابی دهکده اکوتوریسمی‌( از طریق ایجاد رابطه‌ای دوسویه، میان اصول اکوتوریسم و اجتماعات اکولوژیکی از یک­سو و روستاهای گردشگری از سوی دیگر و کاربست آن در روستای هدف گردشگری تهران- وردیج است. این مدل مبتنی بر چهار بعد زیست­محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و حکمرایی- فرهنگی است که نشان می‌دهد هرگونه اقدام کالبدی در چنین روستاهایی می­بایست با هدف رسیدن به رشد و تعالی در هر چهار بعد مذکور باشد و پرداختن صرف به هریک از ابعاد،‌ از رسیدن به هدف اصلی ایجاد دهکده اکوتوریسمی جلوگیری می‌کند. پس از ارائه این مدل، این مقاله تمام موقعیت‌های ویژگی‌های مرتبط با گردشگری اکوتوریسمی ‌‌برای بازتعریف روستای وردیج از روستاهای منطقه 22 تهران‌ (معروف به قلمرو عروسک‌های سنگی با داشتن عرصه­های طبیعی منحصر به‌فرد‌) که به‌عنوان روستای هدف گردشگری پایدار در اطراف تهران است را بیان داشته، امکانات و راهبردهای تغییر این سکونتگاه به روستای هدف گردشگری اکولوژیک (دهکده اکوتوریسمی) را ارائه ­می­نماید. این خروجی­ها در روستای وردیج از طریق اجرای فرایند تحلیل شبکه­ای ANP، انتخاب گزینه بهینه و نهایتاً ارائه اصول ساماندهی روستاهای هدف گردشگری اکولوژیک مبتنی بر چهار بعد تشکیل­دهنده دهکده اکوتوریسمی بکار گرفته می­شود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد‌ تنها آن دسته اقدامات کالبدی‌ که مبتنی بر چهار بعد مذکور باشد، می‌تواند هدف غایی روستاهای هدف گردشگری را تأمین نماید‌ که در این میان، ابعاد جدید پایداری‌)حکمروایی و فرهنگ) نقشی جدی در ایجاد اجتماع محلی مسئول و حافظ این مقاصد گردشگری ایفا می­نماید.  }, keywords_fa = {توسعه اکولوژیکی, روستاهای هدف گردشگری, دهکده اکوتوریسمی, روستای وردیج, تهران.}, doi = {DOI: 10.22034/38.165.141}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1652-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-1652-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2019} }