@article{ author = {Ghaffari, Ali and MarjanNematimehr, Marjan and Abdi, Samaneh}, title = {Evolution of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design}, abstract ={Concern about crime and vandalism features as the aspect of their area that households would most like to see improved, still occur in the big cities and dsigning-in a response to safety concerns as part of the Planning and Design process has been increasingly recognised as an aspect of delivering quality of life. The purpose of this article is to critically review the core findings from recently published place-based crime prevention research. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the contribution of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) as a crime prevention strategy. Strategies for crime prevention rarely, if ever, find their way in to the formal design and planning of urban places. CPTED in the early years applied rational theory and is linked to some basic CPTED strategy: territoriality and access control, natural surveillance, image, and milieu (environmental land use). A 2nd generation CPTED offers the promise of greatly enhanced and more realistic, preventive strategies. It offers the possibility of a new approach for community-building that strikes to the heart of what CPTED is really all about. Here, the main questioning is" What are the linkages between physical and social development?' They believe that at least four principal represent the beginning of a new theory of second-generation CPTED and all of them have direct links to the social aspects on how neighborhoods work: Capacity Threshold, Social Cohesion, Connectivity and Community Culture. To achieve that principles, they suggest at least five strategies: Size of the district, density, and differentiation of dwellings– human scale development, Urban meeting places as an absolute necessity in neighborhoods, Youth clubs as a community-building strategy and Residents’ participation which applies directly to the idea of “activity support”, or that the residents’ themselves will participate in a neighborhoods social life and finally, Residents’ responsibility. SafeGrowth – employs a more holistic style of neighborhood development than occurs in traditional prevention theory. It is a shift towards a new style of prevention theory, one in which safe places emerge less from outside experts implementing strategies to or for neighborhoods, and more from neighbors creatively planning with prevention experts, police and security. The review concludes that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. The paper concludes that although empirical proof has not been definitively demonstrated, there is a large and growing body of research, which supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is a pragmatic and effective crime prevention tool. This review provides an extensive bibliography of contemporary crime prevention through environmental design and a follow-up paper will discuss the future research priorities for it.}, Keywords = {Safety, Crime Prevention, Environmental Design, Community}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {3-16}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-554-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-554-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Yazdanfar, Abbas and Hosseini, Bagher and Zaroudi, Mstaf}, title = {Culture and House form (Case study: Traditional houses in Tonekabon and Ramsar)}, abstract ={Abstract House form depends on several parameters, which their importance and influence are not at the same level. One of the critical parameters which hugely alters house form, is the cultural characteristics of its residents culture explains different types of dwellings in different areas even with the same technological and economic status. In equal condition of all other parameters, cultural characteristics are the most affecting issue in the physical form and spatial configuration of the house. The challenging point is that the culture is a vast area from point of view of design. Taking this into account, in the present paper, in order to be able to face this challenge, impact of cultural characteristics in the design procedure and different house forms has been explained. Firstly, these questions are answered: Which cultural elements are the most influential ones affecting house form? How are these elements categorized in terms of their impact on the house form? Answering the latter question will lead us to the point which a hierarchy model could be obtained and finally the culture-form relation could be decoded for different communities with different cultural characteristics. The research method of this study is the analytical-descriptive method in which we have used desk study for data collection. Then, the model of this study is developed to illustrate the hierarchical relationship between culture and house form. The case studies include traditional house forming from cities Ramsar and Tonekabon, and located in western Mazandaran. Western parts of the Mazandaran state is considered to be a region with humid and mild climate. Moreover, the physical forms of the houses in the area are the excellent samples of traditional Northern cities’ architecture in Iran. The methodology of the study implements a theoretical framework with the analytical-descriptive research method using desk study for data collection. In terms of the case studies, the required data are obtained by field observations including survey, typology, and interviewing residents. Considering the sparse distribution of the rural population and the favorite houses, and also because of limited available data resources, it was crucial to make smart and random choices of data. Randomness of the selected samples gives us the power to generalize the limited on-site collected data to the whole study domain. These choices were made according to information obtained from Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (ICHTO). In the next step, obtained data are analyzed using comparative study and logical reasoning based on the theoretical framework which is considered in the present study. In order to be able to understand the effects of different cultural elements on the house form, data associated with each sample forms are categorized based on the cultural elements. Finally, the results of comparison studies are presented in tables putting light on hidden aspects of culture-form and culture-design relation. The hierarchy in the tables shows that the culture is associated with world-view of the people and can be seen in their everyday life, like the form of their houses. Taking this into account one can say that the culture adapts people’s life from one side and affects the shape of their life tools (like the architecture of their houses) from the other side. The results of the study indicate that the model is valid for different communities, and can be used for discovering cultural elements of a community in accordance with the house forms. Keywords: culture, world view, house form, lifestyle}, Keywords = {Keywords: culture, world view, house form, lifestyle}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {17-32}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-454-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-454-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Ghods, Hossein and Asgharzadeh, Ali}, title = {Indigenous-based architecture using cognitive layer models in parametric design}, abstract ={Humble look to the profession of architecture makes that the position and identity of Iranian architecture has been reduced in recent years. By imitation the Western culture over the design in architecture, buildings have made with non-Iranian identities that have hurt urban and rural landscapes. The buildings that no feel belong to them due to imitation of Western style architecture. The main point of this research is the use of site layers in designing process and combining them with different understandings of completely Iranian identity. This is the story of how the final design is affected by each layer and how the proposed model connects the past, the present and the future. In this way, the layers with subjective - objective in environments such as ecology, geography and looking for meaning are available on all parameters to give a proper identity simultaneously. The purpose is how to use quantitative - qualitative models in parametric design process under Meta system. Ecology has been selected as Meta system in this project. This means that all conscious and unconscious processes are filtered by ecological factors and then take place in the design process. The principles of this research are indigenous architecture, parametric design process, regional models and cognitive maps based on quantitative and qualitative survey form. The Desert Maranjab is selected as a sample and the studies have been done about it. The research methods are descriptive - analytical and quantitative - qualitative. After recognizing the layers in the natural site, the layers of both appearance and semantic analysis are converted the elements of point, line and surface of each layer using AutoCAD software. The extracted layers are then combined with the cognitive layers of the designer mind. Combining of extracted site layers is based on the influence of different layers on each other. In every combination, one layer is an indicator and effects on the final output. There are more choices in this method of design. Each layer indicator makes a different geometry than its previous plan. In part of the decision-making process, the "Accidence concept" has also been considered. The paradigms are resulted by the designer decision and conscious "Accidence concept" - which is also controlled by the designer –. The process is interactive and reciprocal. Due to its planning subject and physical program, "scaling" process decides about the sub-space of the layers and influence on the combinations. This method is designed to explore the potential ecology and revival of concepts. It is also used in the past archetype in the parametric process to create a single consistent model with the aggregation of the mentioned items.}, Keywords = {Parametric architecture, Cognitive models, Design process, Layers, Indigenous}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {33-48}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-367-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-367-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Golpayegani, Abdolali and Khanjani, Narges and Zeydabadi, Azam}, title = {The Rural Housing Project and its effect on Housing Health and Safety Indices in Bam}, abstract ={Abstract Housing indexes are tools for assessing housing conditions and its evolution and can also be used in assessment of the success rates in achieving the future planning goals. The current study was done in order to evaluate and compare the health and safety indices in the houses of the Rural Housing Project, constructed after the 2003 earthquake in Bam, with the traditional houses in this region. This descriptive cross sectional study was done by systematic sampling and the health and safety indices of 519 new and 283 traditional houses in ten villages of Bam were evaluated and compared by standard questionnaires. In these checklists the safety of the houses, the living conditions according to the principles of environmental health engineering and the physical space of the buildings was evaluated. Descriptive results were reported and the chi-square test was used to compare the data by Excel and Minitab. The results of this study show that the number of families living in each house, in the new and traditional houses was respectively 1.15 and 1.24 family per house. The mean surface of each house was 60 and 50 square meters and the mean ratio of people to rooms was 2.63 and 2.29 respectively. The health status of the walls, surface and ceiling of the rooms in the new houses was acceptable in more than 97% but in traditional houses was 67-76 percent. The health status of the kitchen and rooms in the new houses was significantly better than the traditional houses, but the condition of the toilets and baths in both houses was unacceptable in most circumstances and was for toilets 7 and 16, and for baths 55 and 74 percent in new and traditional houses respectively. The safety indices of the rooms and kitchen were significantly better in the new houses (46 and 39 percent respectively in new houses), but the safety of the bath and staircase was significantly better in the traditional houses (54 and 53 percent respectively in traditional houses). The current study shows relative progress in the housing indexes of the rural housing project in comparison to the traditional houses, although they are still far from ideal. There are concerns about the ratio of person to space, accessibility of healthy water inside the house, and environmental sanitation in regard to wastewater and waste disposal. Also in addition to construction of living spaces, we suggest that building private baths and toilets should be considered by the Housing Organization.}, Keywords = {Rural houses, health indices, safety indices, Bam}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {49-58}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-164-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-164-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {mohamadi, jamal}, title = {Evaluation the quality of living environment in rural-towns according to residents view based on viewpoint of fuzzy logic (Case study: rural-town of Aslanduz)}, abstract ={Being concerned to achieve good shape of the settlements environment has been commenced since the formation of primary places. Human raising passion to live in desired environments has revealed the importance of quality of life in urban and rural areas. The current paper, has aimed to assess effective factors of citizen’s satisfaction from the quality of life in urban-rural area of Aslanduz. The current paper aimed to assess effective factors of citizen satisfaction from Quality of life of Aslanduz urban-rural area. Accordingly, after reviewing theoretical literature of environment quality, the conceptual framework including 15 factors have been chosen and analyzed. The current paper in terms of type of the study, is combination of descriptive-analytic and survey methods which the obtained results are applied and developmental. The features including age, gender, education level, economic satisfaction and marital status and any of each 15 factors as the dependant factors have been identified in order to analyze their impact on the resident’s quality of life. The sampling size was estimated 384 respondents by using Cochran’s formula. The members of the study sample were chosen by random sampling method regarding population of study sub-communities of Aslanduz. One-way ANOVA test (for multiple independent variables) and T-test (for independent bi-variables) have been used to compare the average degree of the subjective quality of life of the respondents in different stages. To analyze data, the statistical methods such as: Frequency distribution, T-test- Spearman correlation coefficient, Phi and Cramer were used using SPSS software. In addition for completion of the analyzes, fuzzy multi-criteria and cluster analyzes were used. The results show which citizens’ satisfaction of their quality of environment is undesirable. The obtained results which was evaluated in 5 levels (Very low, low, relatively much, much, too much Satisfaction) using cluster analysis, indicates Behdari alley has best situation. Kamp is placed at second level and other alleys are in middle level. Too, the obtained results represented that there is no significant relationship between variable gender and main variables of Quality of life. In addition, this non-significant relationship is seen between the age and main variables of quality of life. In terms of marital status and main variables of quality of life, no significant relationship exists that is vice versa with the relationship economic status and main variables of quality of life. Ultimately, there is no meaningful relationship between education level and main variables of the quality of life.}, Keywords = {Satisfaction, Quality of living environment, Alley, Rural-town of Aslanduz}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {59-74}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-282-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-282-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Rohollah and ShokatiAmeghani, Mahmoo}, title = {Identifying and Analyzing the Effects of Implementing the Rural Guide Plan in the Rural Regions of the Osko County (Case study: Sarin Dizaj Village)}, abstract ={Rural guide plan is the main comprehensive plans for the development of the rural regions in Iran. Since 1987, more than 16440 projects have been provided and 7670 projects have been implemented. Despite more than 20 years after starting the rural guide plan, the plan is still running in the many rural regions of the country, therefore, the study of the consequences and effects of the plan is very critical, because these studies provide the necessary data and information for the managers through a feedback process, so the managers can choose better methods for the future plans. In addition to this, the weakness and barriers of the plans will be identified clearly in order to get more appropriate solutions. In this respect, the main purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the effects of implementing the rural guide plan in the Sarin Dizaj village of the Osko county. The research method of the study was quantitative, non-experimental and field research in terms of the nature, the rate degree of variables control and the method of data collection, respectively. The statistical population of the study consisted of all heads of rural households in the village (N= 213). According to the Krejcie & Morgan table, a sample size of 130 was selected using a simple randomized sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. The Cronbach 's Alpha coefficient for the main scale of the questionnaire was higher than 0.75. The results of a factor analysis showed that five factors namely, structural- physical (with 20.25 % of variance), social (with 19.63 % of variance), sanitary (with 14.42 % of variance), economic (with 10.63 % of variance) and environmental (with 4.86 % of variance) explained 69.79 % of total variances of the effects of implementing the rural guide plan in the Sarin Dizaj village in which two factors including structural- physical and social had the highest priority.}, Keywords = {Rual guide plan, Effects, Villagers, Sarin Dizaj village}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {75-86}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-161-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-161-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {rezvani, mohamad reza and kowkabi, leila and mansourian, hossei}, title = {The resettlement effects on quality of life in the villages damaged by natural hazards (Case Study: Zanjiran and Isar town in Fars province)}, abstract ={Land resettlement an activity that involves movement of people from one area to another, is carried out by many developing countries for a variety of reasons. Among the reasons are, to increase agricultural production, to correct spatial imbalances in the distribution of population and improve the service systems. The Total aim of rural resettlement is developing an appropriate context to relocate the villages from the vulnerable and hazardous zones this is performed in order to improve the living conditions and the resident’s well being in the various aspects of life. The resettlement projects in the past two decades in Iran were included relocation and integration which were More in reconstruction of war-torn areas, the regions affected by hazards such as earthquakes, Floods, landslide And In the construction projects which have been implemented in the huge Dams. Considering the impact of resettlement projects - as a fundamental objective of rural communities -it is essential for improvement the life quality. Location and community preservation are among the most important concerns in the resettlement site selection process. Thus, the resettlement sites should provide people with reliable access to productive resources, employment and business opportunities. The members of the community should be consulted and provided with appropriate options for resettlement. This research is conducted to determine the effects of resettlement on quality of life and Pay attention to explain the influencing factors of it in two resettled villages - Isar and Zanjiran in Fars province, Iran. The Research Methodology was analytical and descriptive ones and the required data have been collected by using the questionnaire and interviews. The obtained results of the research indicate that the rate of life satisfaction in the six scale Likert Spectrum is equal to 3.601. The maximum and minimum satisfaction rates are related to Infrastructure, Employment and income range. In addition, the results of the factor analysis for the nine aspects of life quality were identified in the study areas. The six factors include: physical development welfare services quality of housing relations with the nearby villages, towns and cities the hygiene status and Social Welfare, and the total variance for quality of life is measured equal to 71.2. Identifying the impacts of the resettlement projects on the quality of villagers’ lives is essential, Due to importance of it in development and well-being of human. In view of this, it has been suggested that the land resettlement possess should conduct base on recognizing and considering the strengths and weaknesses of such projects, in addition to optimize the rural site selection. Therefore, the resident’s welfare from the different aspects would be improved. During the selection of alternative sites for rural resettlement the following issues should be taken into consideration in terms of meeting the requirements of life quality for displaced people: Developing policies in order to direct people staying in their own regions Developing policies, which will enhance the participation of the population that will be resettled in the decision-making processes Improving rural development models, which intend to increase incomes in rural areas through an approach giving importance to participation Developing rural residential planning and improving organizations serving rural areas Protecting cultural, natural and archeological properties in the affected areas, and relocating these if necessary.}, Keywords = {Resettlement, quality of life, Fars, Isar, Zanjiran}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {87-106}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-396-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-396-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Irandoost, Kayoumars and Alizadeh, Hooshmand and Tavallaii, Roholah}, title = {Analyzing the level of development in rural areas using Factor and cluster analysis, Case study: Kurdistan province}, abstract ={Due to the fast growing trend of urbanization in the third world countries and of disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of income, employment and the availability of basic infrastructure and services, it is important to pay more attention to the reasons and causes of disparities across the regions. According to a World Bank report released in 2011, the rural population (% of total population) in Iran was last reported at 30.50. This shows that more than a quarter of Iran population is now living in rural areas and the rural areas are the second major places of population agglomeration in the country. To alleviate the negative points of disparities, the aspects of sustainable development should be regarded to pave the way for a balanced level of development across the regions. Thus, for optimal distribution of population and resources in regional planning and development, the analysis and recognition of the levels of development in rural areas is an essential matter. To do this, a kind of literature and document analysis has been conducted to identify the research indices. Seventy one indices have been characterized regarding different Social, economic, physical, health, and cultural aspects of development. Considering theses indices, the level of development across the rural areas of Kurdistan province has been characterized using factor and cluster analysis and classified by GIS. The research results show that there is an inequality matter in the level of development across the rural areas of the province. This is mainly associated with the level and amount of agricultural land ownership, distance and proximity to the main roads, distances to the border, geographical and environmental conditions and situation of the villages.}, Keywords = {level of development, rural areas , Kurdistan province, factor analysis, cluster analysis}, volume = {32}, Number = {144}, pages = {107-123}, publisher = {Natural Disasters Research Institute}, url = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-257-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhre.ir/article-1-257-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Housing and Rural Environment}, issn = {2008-4994}, eissn = {1588-2615}, year = {2014} }